1 Socialization Learning to be human Learning elements of one’s culture

2 Socialization and the Self Self: Self: Sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things Personality: Characteristic emotional, thought, and behavior patterns; consistent over time

3 Agents of Socialization Individual, group, organization that influences behavior and sense of self Reference Group: Reference Group: Group or social category that people use as a guide to develop values, attitudes, behavior, self-image Normative function Evaluative function

4 Agents of Socialization: Family First social world children encounter Parenting styles: Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative

5 Family as an Institution Laws and institutions surrounding family and kinship systems Nuclear family units Mom, Dad, siblings Extended family units Includes nuclear family and aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents Authority and inheritance Matrilineal Patrilineal

6 Elements of Culture Institutions Within Culture Cultural Activities Inner Core

7 Social Institutions Social institutions provide basic structure within which we live our lives Emerge around a fundamental human need which must be met for individual survival and prosperous society Replace members Socialize new members Produce and distribute goods and services Preserve order Provide a sense of purpose

8 Social Institutions Informal Institutions Authority and status attained through interpersonal relationships or other non- structured means Formal Institutions Deliberately brought into existence to enable people who do not know each other to carry on relationships for the purpose of attaining specific goals

9 Educational Institutions Formal agencies in which students learn Important history Skills Socialization Cultural differences in education

10 Agents of Socialization: School American students spend at least 180 days per year in school Directly teach culture Indirectly socialize (through textbooks, classes); introduce to large organizations Anticipatory Socialization: Learning about, practicing new role before one is in a position to play the role

11 Agents of Socialization: Peers Children create a private peer culture Themes: Sharing and social participation Dealing with fears and conflicts Resisting adult rules and authority

12 Economic Institutions Some form of compensation for time or work Economies differ in amount of governmental interference Communism, Socialism, Capitalism Function: Allows individuals to specialize in skills and still meet needs Barter system or ‘swap out’ work Money

13 Agents of Socialization: Mass Media Forms of communication that reach large numbers of people Television Virtually all U.S. households have TVs Media violence

14 Political Institutions Some form of government Provide peace and order within society Protection from enemies outside society Use of force concentrated within government Legal system Military establishment

15 Function: Social Control Groups must ensure that members obey at least the rules vital to survival of the group Physical force Economic pressure Occupational pressures Sanctions Positive Negative

16 Socialization in Adulthood Total Institutions Desocialization Resocialization

17 Socialization in Adulthood Total Institutions Desocialization Resocialization Occupational Socialization

18 Religious Institutions Formal systems involving Belief Rituals Places of worship Linguistic concepts

19 Health Institutions Meaningful health can differ by culture Physical and mental health evaluated differently according to culture Modern medicine vs. traditional healing

20 Theories of Cultural Change Cultural borrowing and innovation acceptance Contact with a new culture produces change in one or both cultures Diffusion: Cultural traits spread from one group to another Innovation: New elements or combinations of old elements are absorbed

21 Theories of Cultural Change Cultural Crisis Changes are the result of uncontrollable forces Ecological Change Changes as response to long-term environmental changes

22 Theories of Cultural Change Cyclical theories Cultures fluctuate; some rise to dominance over other cultures, some decay and fall to ruin