Chapter 6 Air–Sea Interaction

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Wind and Wind Patterns Chapter 2.2 Guided Notes 9/25/12
Advertisements

Weather Essentials Concept Map
Wind Notes.
Weather.
Atmospheric Circulation Causes of Atmospheric Circulation 1) Uneven solar energy inputs 2) Rotation of the Earth Global Circulation Patterns Local Events.
GLOBAL CLIMATES & BIOMES
Introduction to Oceanography
Wind Notes.
CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Atmosphere and Hydrosphere SJCHS. Atmosphere Atmosphere: Layer of gases that surround the Earth Composition 78 % Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other (Water Vapor,
Meteorology.
Our atmosphere is perilously thin. Yet it provides important solar protection as well as oxygen.
Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and direction,
More Climatic Interactions
Unit 2: Climate Winds and Climate
Chapter 7: Air-Sea Interaction Fig Atmosphere and ocean one interconnected system Change in atmosphere affects ocean Change in ocean affects atmosphere.
Weather Patterns Mr. Latzos. Starter Match the word with the definition Densityatmospherealtitude The distance above sea level The amount of mass in a.
ATMOSPHERE Air Circulation
Key Idea #18 The sun is the major source of energy for events that occur on the surface of the Earth.
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy?
Global and Local Winds.
Atmosphere and Weather AP Environmental Science.
Meteorology: the study of Earth’s atmosphere Meteor – In ancient Greek – meant “High in the air” Current meanings still apply Meteor – astronomical entity.
Air, Weather, and Climate
Questions for Today:  What is Weather and Climate?  What are four major factors that determine Global Air Circulation?  How do Ocean Currents affect.
Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Chapter What Factors Influence Climate?  Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radiation,
CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction Fig Overview Atmosphere and ocean one interdependent system Atmosphere and ocean one interdependent system Solar.
Welcome to Class Define radiation, convection, and conduction.
End Show Slide 1 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-1 Climate.
Chapter 15: Atmosphere Section 3: Air movement Study Guide.
Weather Patterns.
Wind & Climate Wind – the horizontal movement of air. Low pressure – warm air rising. High pressure – cold air falling. Winds always blow from high pressure.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction.
Do Now: Analyze the following images
Atmospheric Circulation and Weather  Composition and Properties of the Atmosphere Lower atmosphere nearly homogenous mixture of nitrogen 78.1% and oxygen.
Atmosphere. Atmosphere structure Tropopause Troposphere 20 km 40 km 10 mi 20 mi 30 mi Weather zone Water Vapor Dry Ozone Stratosphere Stratopause Mesosphere.
Global Climate Change Climate Review. Global Circulation The solar radiation hitting the Earth is unequal…WHY? –Earth is oblate (slightly flattened)
Global Wind Patterns. What is Wind? Wind is the movement of air from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Warmer air expands, becoming.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Central Case: Charging toward cleaner air in London London has had bad.
Heating of the Earth. Temperature Layers of the Atmosphere.
Air Sea Interaction Distribution of Solar Energy.
Air-Sea interactions Chapter 8. SOLAR CONNECTION- Air and Sun “Others” represents the percentage of Water Vapor and Aerosols.
Section 1.2 The Causes of Weather
Atmospheric Circulation
Paper 1 Physical Core Atmosphere and Weather 1 GeographyCambridge AS level syllabus 9696.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 6 Air-Sea Interaction.
Coriolis Effect: Deflection of moving objects/large masses due to the rotation of Earth on its axis (EX: currents & missiles) –Northern Hemisphere: RIGHT.
Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate Weather- the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area.
Chapter 4: Ecosystems & Communities Starting with … Climate (4.1)
TEST #7 REVIEW. Land and sea breezes are an example of which type of heat transfer?
The Atmosphere A thin fragile shell of gases that provides all our weather and allows life on earth.
Global Wind Belts & the Jet Stream
Warm up  Your warm up is at your desk  Remember, warm up time is a time to be quiet (below the music), be seated, and working  Phones need to be away.
Essentials of Oceanography, Thurman and Trujillo Chapter VI: Air-Sea Interaction.
Climatic Interactions
Atmosphere and Weather
Section 1.2 The Causes of Weather
CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction by Dr. Charles Dong at ECC
Solar Energy and the Atmosphere
Dynamics in Earth’s Atmosphere
Earth’s Atmosphere.
Air and Sea Interaction
Wind and Wind Patterns Chapter 2.2 Guided Notes
WEATHER & CLIMATE Atmosphere Composition: - 78% Nitrogen - 21% Oxygen
CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Distribution of Solar Energy
Energy in Weather and Climate
WIND Pages
Global Climates and Biomes
Chapter 6 Air–Sea Interaction
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 6 Air–Sea Interaction Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition

Uneven solar heating on Earth Solar energy in high latitudes: Has a larger “footprint” Is reflected to a greater extent Passes through more atmosphere Is less than that received in low latitudes Figure 6-1

Earth’s seasons Earth’s axis is tilted 23½º from vertical Northern and Southern Hemispheres are alternately tilted toward and away from the Sun Causes longer days and more intense solar radiation during summer Figure 6-2

Oceanic heat flow A net heat gain is experienced in low latitudes A net heat loss is experienced in high latitudes Heat gain and loss are balanced by oceanic and atmospheric circulation Figure 6-3

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Composition (dry air) Gas Percent Nitrogen (N2) 78.1% Oxygen (O2) 20.9% Argon (Ar) 0.9% Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.036% All others Trace

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Temperature Troposphere is: Lowermost part of the atmosphere Where most weather occurs Temperature of troposphere cools with increasing altitude Figure 6-4

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Density Warm, low density air rises Cool, high density air sinks Creates circular- moving loop of air (convection cell) Figure 6-5

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Water vapor Cool air cannot hold much water vapor, so is typically dry Warm air can hold more water vapor, so is typically moist Water vapor decreases the density of air

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Pressure A column of cool, dense air causes high pressure at the surface, which will lead to sinking air A column of warm, less dense air causes low pressure at the surface, which will lead to rising air Figure 6-6

Physical properties of the atmosphere: Movement Air always moves from high-pressure regions toward low-pressure regions Moving air is called wind

The Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect Is a result of Earth’s rotation Causes moving objects to follow curved paths: In Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to right In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left Changes with latitude: No Coriolis effect at Equator Maximum Coriolis effect at poles

A merry-go-round as an example of the Coriolis effect To an observer above the merry-go-round, objects travel straight To an observer on the merry-go-round, objects follow curved paths Internet video of balls being rolled across a moving merry-go-round Figure 6-8

The Coriolis effect on Earth As Earth rotates, different latitudes travel at different speeds The change in speed with latitude causes the Coriolis effect Figure 6-9a

Missile paths demonstrate the Coriolis effect Two missiles are fired toward a target in the Northern Hemisphere Both missiles curve to the right Figure 6-9b

Coriolis Force Fc = fV=2ΩsinΦV f=Coriolis parameter Ω=2Π/86164s=7 Coriolis Force Fc = fV=2ΩsinΦV f=Coriolis parameter Ω=2Π/86164s=7.29x10^-5, Φ=latitude, V=speed The magnitude of the Coriolis force increases from zero at the Equator to a maximum at the poles. The Coriolis force acts at right angles to the direction of motion, so as to cause deflection to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

If the earth is a cylinder shape and rotating about its axis, will there still any Coriolis effect exists? The answer is NO.

Coriolis effect The missile trajectories is little affected by the Coriolis force, because missile travels at high speed. Winds and ocean currents are significantly affected by the Coriolis force. (ex) at Φ=45, V=0.5 m/s (~1 knot) water travels 1800 m in an hour, The earth beneath moves about 300 m.

Vertical view of air pressure (global convection) High Pressure Low Pressure Low Pressure

Non rotating view of Atmospheric Circulation

Wind belts of the world Figure 6-10

General Wind Patterns Sailors have a special term for the calm, equatorial regions where low pressure persists and little winds exist; the doldrums無風帶 Sailors also have a special term for the regions within the high pressure band, where winds are light and variable; the horse latitudes馬緯度 Places between the high and low pressure bands, on the other hand, experience rapidly moving air, and are characterized by strong, dependable winds

(Horse latitudes)

Characteristics of wind belts and boundaries Region/Latitude Wind belt or boundary name Characteristic Equatorial (0-5º) Doldrums Low press. boundary 5-30º Trade winds Persistent easterlies 30º Horse latitudes High press. boundary 30-60º Prevailing westerlies Mid-latitude winds 60º Polar front 60-90º Polar easterlies Cool easterly winds Polar (90º) Polar high pressure

Coriolis effect influences air movement Northern Hemisphere winds curve to the right as they move from high to low pressure Causes wind to circulate: Clockwise around high-pressure regions Counterclockwise around low-pressure regions Figure 6-12

Air masses that affect U.S. weather Figure 6-14

Sea Breeze 海風 Development of a sea breeze and a land breeze. At the surface, a sea breeze blows from the water onto the land...

Land Breeze 陸風 the land breeze blows from the land out over the water. Notice that the pressure at the surface changes more rapidly with the sea breeze. This situation indicates a stronger pressure gradient force and higher winds with a sea breeze.

Seasonally Changing Winds Monsoon Wind System季風 – changes directions seasonally – blows from one direction in summer and the opposite direction in the winter. Especially well-developed in eastern and southern Asia During winter, air over the continent becomes much colder than air over ocean. High pressure sets up over Siberia and air flows from land to the ocean….

Changing annual wind flow patterns associated with the winter Asian monsoon. Clear skies and winds blow from land to sea Changing annual wind flow patterns associated with the summer Asian monsoon. Warm humid air blows up from equator bringing rainy weather.

Origin and paths of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones are intense low pressure storms created by: Warm water Moist air Coriolis effect Includes: Hurricanes颶風 Cyclones氣旋 Typhoons颱風 Figure 6-16

Hurricane occurrence Hurricanes have wind speeds of at least 120 kilometers (74 miles) per hour Worldwide, about 100 storms grow to hurricane status each year In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricane season is generally between June 1 and November 30 Current state of the tropical oceans

Hurricane structure Hurricanes have: Circular cloud bands that produce torrential rain The ability to move into the mid-latitudes A central eye Figure 6-17 Figure 6-19a

Hurricanes produce storm surge Is a rise in sea level created by hurricane coming ashore Can be up to 12 meters (40 feet) high Causes most destruction and fatalities associated with hurricanes Figure 6-18

Climate regions of the ocean Figure 6-20

How a greenhouse works Sunlight passes through the clear covering of a greenhouse It converts to longer wavelength heat energy Heat cannot pass through the covering and is trapped inside Figure 6-21

The heating of Earth’s atmosphere Figure 6-23

Anthropogenic gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect Greenhouse Gas Relative contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2) 60% Methane (CH4) 15% Nitrous oxide (N2O) 5% Tropospheric ozone (O3) 8% CFC-11 4% CFC-12

Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere As a result of human activities, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 30% since 200 years ago Figure 6-24

Earth’s average temperature is rising Earth’s average surface temperature has risen at least 0.6°C (1.1°F) in the last 130 years May be related to increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide Figure 6-25

Predicted changes with increased greenhouse warming Higher than normal sea surface temperatures that could affect world climate More severe droughts or increased precipitation Water contamination and outbreaks of water-borne diseases Longer and more intense heat waves Shifts in the distribution of plants and animals Potential melting or enlargement of polar ice caps

Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition End of Chapter 6 Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition