Peace policy ends Quakers had worked for peace Many complaints were made about Indian raids originating on reservations

Sherman Called in to investigate attack claims Felt these were likely exaggerated After salt creek, he changed his mind

Warren Wagon Train Raid Settlers began moving onto Kiowa land Wagon train travelling along Salt Creek got raided Kiowas killed and wounded many

Site of Warren Wagon train raid

The Media turned the raid into a sensation. It Changes U S Indian policy

Sherman’s decision :Total war Suggested Peace policy be eliminated Indians should be forced onto reservations Elimination of buffalo would encourage this AAAAAByk/jlMX9wCvimo/s1600/gen-william-t-sherman2.jpg

Arrests Satanta told Indian agent Lawrie Tatum that he had led the Salt Creek raid he, Big Tree and Satank were arrested

Settled Texas Indian Country

Colonel Ranald Mackenzie Civil War veteran Daring, aggressive, persistent Resourceful Respected Shared his men's hardships Known as “four- fingers” by Indians due to war wounds

Mackenzie’s campaign Colonel Ranald Mackenzie U. S. Army vs. Kickapoos, Apaches Massive damage to Indian horses, food, homes and other supplies Indian raids into south Texas virtually end.

The slaughter of the buffalo HideYardwith40,000hides1878.jpg

Charles Rath Early leader among buffalo hunters in Texas Developed the market for buffalo hides

John and J. Wright Mooar Mooar Brothers Among earliest to promote Buffalo hunting Helped establish buffalo products market This eliminated the North Texas Herd by 1873 The hide hunters began moving onto the plains

How buffalo were used by Whites Leather Machinery belts Robes Meat Bone for fertilizer

....this did not make peace easier

The attack on Adobe Walls 1874 Quanah Parker vs. Buffalo hunters Buffalo hunters on Comanche land Buffalo hunters win and continue extermination of buffalo /QuanahParker.html

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1874 Quanah Parker vs. Mackenzie Preemptive attack by US Comanches defeated, Many horses, homes and supplies destroyed most Comanche bands move to reservations

The end? Winter of 1874 was amazingly harsh By 1875, only Quanah's Kwahadies remained free. They surrendered in June, 1875 at Fort Sill, Indian territory (OK) He was the last Comanche War Chief