Born April 1858 Jewish section of Epinal, France Family: Close-knit Not wealthy but respected Hey Hey Durkheim Functionalism

1887 first faculty appointment 1 st Sociology course Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences (University of Bordeaux) Married, 2 children (Son, Andre died in WWI) Died at 59

Rapid industrialization Conflict: Workers and Owners Paris Commune (1871) Workers seized Paris Established egalitarian republic Government destroyed commune Killed 20,000 working-class people

History of Political Instability Monarchy of Louis XVI French Revolution (1789) Dictatorship of Napoleon I ( ) Restoration of Bourbon monarchy Bourbons overthrown (1830)

Durkheim lived in 3 rd Republic People had lost moral unity Remnants of previous governments People supported: Democracy Monarchy Socialism

1) Instability Economic Political 2) Violence Workers & employers Between nations Anti-Semitism 3) Decadence Self-centered No sense of community

Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work  Develop positivist laws  Solve problems  Address moral crises  Create stability

Morality composed-3 elements: 1. Discipline (Constrains egoistic impulses) 2. Attachment (Voluntarily join groups) 3. Autonomy (Individual responsibility)

Education Provides children with moral tools Occupational associations Adults acquire morals

Kant Morality without divinity Sense of duty Saint-Simon Sociology->Moral laws Hold society together

Comte Social stability & change Spencer Social evolution

Social Solidarity Dynamic Density Social Facts Collective Consciousness Collective Representations Social Currents Society as a distinct social reality Individual as Dualistic

A set of norms, values, and morals that hold a certain group of people together “The ties that bind” Social context: Growing individualism Social dislocation Moral diversification

1) Mechanical Solidarity Non-industrial societies Minimal division of labor Few occupations Similarity bound people together

2) Organic Solidarity More advanced societies (industrial) Increased division of labor Many occupations Difference & Interdependency create solidarity

“Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.” Independent of any single individual Only explained by other social facts

1. Material facts Social structures Economy, Family, Social class Morphological Facts Form and Structure Population size and density Geographical location

2. Nonmaterial facts Norms Values Collective representations Collective consciousness

3. Social currents Not as clearly formed Examples: Enthusiasm in crowds Indignation in crowds Depression in particular social groups

Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to average member of society Exists before individuals Survives individuals

Experienced as external force Shapes behavior Varies from society to society Based on division of labor

1. Volume=# of people involved 2. Intensity=How deeply belief felt 3. Rigidity=Clarity of definition 4. Content=Form

Volume=Most people involved Intensity=Felt deeply about it Rigidity=Clearly defined Content=Religious & economic

Volume=Large # but smaller % of population Intensity=Less deeply felt Rigidity=Broadly defined Content=Personal

Society=distinct form of social reality Not reduced to biology or psychology Not mere sum of its parts

Individual and Social Individual part Inborn Self-centered

Social Part -> Socialization Altruistic Group oriented Needs nurturing & developing

Lack of regulation Division of labor Overspecialization Inability to adjust Lack of regular contact Norms (Behavior expectations) Confused Unclear or Not present

Modern individuals Weak bonds Social regulation breakdown Ineffective control on individual desires & interests Individuals on their own

Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of morals Increasing deviance Social unrest Unhappiness Stress

Suicide rates are social facts 4 types of suicide: 1. Egoistic 2. Altruistic 3. Anomic 4. Fatalistic

Durkheim defined suicide as: “death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result.”

Low social integration Low group solidarity Depend on self Excessive individualism Vulnerable groups: Urban dwellers Industrial workers Protestants Unmarried men

High social integration Excessive integration Completely absorbed by group Excessive integration Completely absorbed by group Duty to commit suicide for group Duty to commit suicide for group Examples: Examples: Hara-Kiri Hara-Kiri Modern society—Army Modern society—Army

Low social regulation Breakdown of moral community No rules or vague rules Examples: Adolescents White men

Excessive social regulation Too tightly controlled Few choices Examples: Slaves Married women--Divorce not available

Institutionalized Sociology Taught first class Sociologists -> Social facts Conducted research

Standard for research style & presentation Literature review Theoretical context Testable hypotheses Use of statistics Implications of findings