Intro to Motivation WHY?

What moves people to action? Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain –Counterproductive? Drug use? Studying?

Freud Basic sexual/ aggressive instincts operate unconsciously –dreams –fantasies –slips of the tongue

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Basic tendency toward growth to master our lives

Human sexual nature? Shows relationship between psychological and biological –How did we go from caveman to Kimye?

Martin Seligman Emphasized cognitive factors in motivation and emotion –How do you explain your successes and failures?

Drives/Incentives/Homeostasis/Optimum Arousal Pushed by need and pulled by incentive How does this relate to Harlow’s Monkeys? What does it all come down to? Need (food/water) Drive (hunger/thirst) Drive-reducing behavior (eating/drinking)

Close your eyes… Think about the future –Hopes? –What do you see?

What is hope? Agency: willpower or energy to get towards a goal (choice) Pathways: perceived ability to generate routes to achieve that goal

Hope Index Add items 2, 9, 10, and 12 = agency Add items 1, 4, 6, and 8 = pathways Add agency + pathway Mean for each is 12.5 (total 25)

High on hope scale = pursue greater number of life goals and tend to be more successful in achieving those goals –Interpret obstacles as “life challenges” rather than threats –React to obstacles with less stress and less increase in blood pressure –Hopeful women report less pain in childbirth –Higher life satisfaction, self-esteem, optimistic

So why are you here?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Motivation Theories 1.Evolutionary Theory A. Early instinct theories: fixed, genetic programs behavior 1.William James Principles of Psychology 2.William McDougall – 18 Instincts 3.Migrating behaviors and mating displays of birds 4.Examples in human behaviors, including rooting, sucking, and grasping Copy this!

B. ethology: relating behavior to features of environment 1.Nest building (inherited dispositions) 2.Instincts reflect adaptation to environment 3.Development and expression can vary (seasons, food, mates) 4.Sign stimuli shapes/triggers behavior Copy this!

C. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory 1.Natural selection 2.Emotions are based on instincts

D. Modern evolutionary psych: predispositions and probabilities, not instincts 1.Natural selection acts on genes expressed in particular circumstances 2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it is not “survival” in the literal sense 3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may not be adaptive to others (affluence and food choice) Copy this!

2. Arousal Theory A.Motivation: to achieve and maintain a certain level of arousal Animals seek activities that create levels of physiological arousal Theories differ in assumptions about whether arousal is negative or positive Copy this!

B. Drive-reduction theory (Clark Hull) 1.Behavior originates from physiological need for food, water, air. These needs create tension (irritation) away from homeostasis When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is low; needs give rise to drives

Drive: internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduces tension Temp. too low Temp. too high Comfortable range for body temp centered at 98.6°F Restore equil. Blood vessels in skin dilate to remove heat Person sweats Turn down furnace Remove Sweater Blood vessels in skin constrict to conserve heat Person shivers Turn up furnace Put on sweater

2. Animals are motivated to reduce the drive a.Behaviors (eating, drinking, breathing) reduce need by restoring homeostasis b.Behaviors are reinforced/strengthened thru drive reduction c.Acquired motivation: stimuli associated with drives become motivators; stimuli associated with drive reduction become rewarding

C. Optimal Arousal Theory 1.Some nonzero level of arousal is optimal Arousal below optimal level motivates behavior to increase arousal Arousal above optimal level motivates behavior to decrease arousal 2. Individual differences –People vary in the ways they seek levels of arousal –Sensation-seeking is an aspect of personality related to risky behavior

Just how sensation-seeking are you?

3. Incentive Theory Motivation is produced by need for goal attainment A.Need for goal attainment or achievement may be either intrinsic or extrinsic Feelings vs. material often tangible reinforcers

B. Effect of external reward on intrinsic motivation 1.Providing extrinsic reward for intrinsic motivated behavior can decrease interest in task Overjustification effect: Deci’s puzzle solving experiment

C. Conditioned incentives 1.Cravings – thru learningEnvironmental stimuli = craving Watch someone eating popcorn = you want popcorn 2. Wanting – motivation to approach incentive If you have a cold, you may want cold medicine but not like it

4. Cognitive Consistency Theory Motivation for thoughts to be consistent with behavior –Cognitive dissonance –Self-perception theory: an individual perceives his or her own behavior and forms beliefs and attitudes that are consistent with it

Self Perception Theory A man is asked whether he likes wheat bread and replies, “I must like it; I’m always eating it.” His wife would say the same thing. Introspection/justification is a poor guide due to weak cues –Outside observer assumes another’s internal states

5. Humanistic Theory A.Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs B. Csikszentmihalyl’s flow 1.deep, authentic involvement in meaningful activities 2.Requires skilled control over instinctive drives

Low SkillHigh Skill Flow Anxiety High Challenge Low Challenge ApathyBoredom

Flow experiences Attention that is freely invested and centered on achieving goals –Choosing to spend time in activities that work towards goals Lack of psychological disorder –agoraphobia Challenges that require new skill –English skill vs. want to read Shakespeare Clear goals and feedback –Math teacher concepts Transformation of time –Fun activities vs. monotony Loss of self-consciousness –Stage fright

Hunger Inventory Fill this out, then take a break.