Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking Your best pathway to understanding the world
technology Global patterns Health Fun!
What does this have to do with science? Salem Witch Trials
What does this have to do with science?
What is your advice?
If science proves some belief of Buddhism wrong, then Buddhism will have to change If science proves some belief of Buddhism wrong, then Buddhism will have to change —Dalai Lama, 2005 —Dalai Lama, 2005
Science Scientific Method/Approach 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Gather information 6. Experiments 7. Assess results 8. Report
Which answer puts the steps of the scientific method in the correct order to solve a problem? 1. D A C B E 2. D B A C E 3. D A B C E 4. D B C A E A.If the problem was the yeast, then the bread should rise when I use the new yeast. B.Maybe the yeast that I used had gone bad. C.I will remake the bread using a new jar of yeast. D.The bread did not rise. E.On my second attempt the bread did rise so it is likely that the old yeast was bad.
Which answer below is a hypothesis for the validity of echinacea? 1. Does echinacea reduce the duration and symptoms of the common cold? 2. Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. 3. If echinacea acts as above, then patients treated with echinacea at the first sign of cold symptoms should recover faster than untreated patients. 4. None of the above.
Which statement below is a prediction based on the following hypothesis: Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. 1. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea should get sick less frequently than those who are not taking it, and when they do get sick, their illness should not last as long. 2. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will have a similar rate of infection and be sick for a similar duration when compared to people who are not taking it. 3. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will not contract the flu or not have the flu as long as those who are not taking it. 4. If echinacea works, then if patients take twice the dosage it will be twice as effective when compared to those who are not taking it.
Variables Control Group Experimental Group Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Science Scientific Theory- hypothesis has not been disproven over time and has a large body of data to support it. Ex: Cell theory Atomic theory Evolution
Which statement below is not a theory? 1. My theory is that the bread didn’t rise because my yeast had gone bad. 2. All living organisms are composed of cells. 3. All living organisms are related to one another by evolution. 4. Matter is composed of atoms.
Anecdotal Observations
What makes something qualify as living? Organized into a cell/s Organized into a cell/s Contains DNA Contains DNA Can reproduce Can reproduce require energy inputs require energy inputs Grow and develop Grow and develop Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli Homeostatic Homeostatic Evolves Evolves
Diversity Classification: Domain (3- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) Domain (3- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) Kingdom- (Ex: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista) Kingdom- (Ex: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista) Phylum (Ex: chordata) Phylum (Ex: chordata) Class (Ex: Mammalia) Class (Ex: Mammalia) Order (Ex: Carnivora) Order (Ex: Carnivora) Family (Ex: Felidae) Family (Ex: Felidae) Genus (Ex: Panthera) Genus (Ex: Panthera) Species (Ex: pardus) Species (Ex: pardus) Ex: Panthera pardus Ex: Panthera pardus genusspecies
2 ways in which organisms can obtain their nutrients: 1. Producers- aquire energy and raw materials from the environment photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy. (use sunlight to make sugars).
2.Consumers- energy and nutrients are obtained by consuming producers and other organisms. Ex: animals Ex: animals decomposers decomposers
DNA (molecule)
Reproduction cells
Evolution Core Theme of Biology! Mutations:Darwin’s “Survival of the Fittest” Natural selection- Adaptive trait