Motivation & Emotion

Theories of Motivation Motivation: an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

Instinct Theory Instincts: innate tendencies that determine behavior

Drive-Reduction Theory Need: biological or psychological requirement of an organism Drive: a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal Homeostasis: the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state.

Incentive Theory Incentive: an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

Cognitive Theory

Extrinsic Motivation: engaging in activates that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives Intrinsic Motivation: engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Biological and Social Motives Biological Motives include : Food Water Oxygen Sleep Avoidance of Pain

Hunger Lateral hypothalamus: the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals Ventromedial hypothalamus: the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Hunger – Other Factors Psychosocial hunger factors: external cues that can affect eating, such as where, when, and what we eat.

Obesity Overweight: a person who is 20 percent over his or her ideal body weight Obese: a person who is 30 percent or more above his or her ideal body weight.

Social Motives

Measuring the Need for Achievement The achievement motive concerns the desire to set challenging goals and to persist in trying to reach those goals despite obstacles, frustrations, and setbacks. Thematic Apperception Test Image

Fear of Failure People display fear of failure when they choose easy tasks offering assured success or impossible tasks with no chance of success.

Fear of Success The pressure and stress of being successful add anxieties and turns into fear. Some people believe that if they do not meet their expectations or the expectations of others, then they are showing weaknesses.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Fundamental needs: biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life

Psychological Needs: the urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem

Self-actualization needs: the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one’s unique potential

Emotions

Expressing Emotions Emotion: a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

The James-Lange Theory

The Cannon – Bard Theory

Cognitive Theories The Schachter-Singer Experiment

Opponent-Process Theory