Macromolecules Structure & Function

You Are What You Eat Total %Daily Value Calories 1280 Total Fat (g) 59 91 Saturated Fat (g) 16 79 Cholesterol (mg) 85 28 Sodium (mg) 1420 Carbohydrates (g) 158 53 Dietary Fiber (g) 11 42 Protein (g) 33 - Big Mac Meal http://www.mcdonalds.com/app_controller.nutrition.mcmeal.bagmeal.html

Carbohydrates C : 2H : O Examples Monosaccharides (one sugar) carbo hydrate (water) Examples Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6 Isomers Monosaccharides (one sugar) Fuel Sweet!

Carbohydrates Disaccharides (two sugars) Examples Sucrose Dehydration synthesis Coca-Cola Classic® Carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors (vegetable source), caffeine.

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (many sugars) Fuel Storage Up to thousands of units Fuel Storage Starch- Plants Starch & Glycogen Glycogen- Animals

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (many sugars) Structural Up to thousands of units Structural Starch & Glycogen Cellulose Hard to digest! Total %Daily Value Calories 1280 Carbohydrates (g) 158 53 Dietary Fiber (g) 11 42

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (many sugars) Structural Up to thousands of units Structural Starch & Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Carbohydrate Structures disaccharide monosaccharide polysaccharide

Lipids Hydrophobic Examples Oil & water do not mix! Less O Fatty acid Total %Daily Value Calories 1280 Total Fat (g) 59 91 Saturated Fat (g) 16 79 Cholesterol (mg) 85 28 Sodium (mg) 1420 Carbohydrates (g) 158 53 Dietary Fiber (g) 11 42 Protein (g) 33 - Examples Fatty acid Triglyceride Saturated Unsaturated

Lipids Large French Fries Potatoes, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, natural flavor (beef source), dextrose, sodium acid pyrophosphate (to preserve natural color). Cooked in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (may contain partially hydrogenated soybean oil and/or partially hydrogenated corn oil and/or partially hydrogenated canola oil and/or cottonseed oil and/or sunflower oil and/or corn oil).

Lipids Energy Storage! Insulation Waterproofing Membrane Steroids 1 g of carbohydrate  4 calories 1 g of fat  9 calories Fuel of choice for flying insects Insulation Waterproofing Membrane Phospholipid Steroids Cholesterol Hormones

Fatty acid Phospholipid Triglyceride Steroid

Fatty acid

Proteins Workers of the cell Amino acids Responsible for most of what cells do Diverse! Amino acids Building blocks Dehydration synthesis Polypeptide Total %Daily Value Calories 1280 Total Fat (g) 59 91 Saturated Fat (g) 16 79 Cholesterol (mg) 85 28 Sodium (mg) 1420 Carbohydrates (g) 158 53 Dietary Fiber (g) 11 42 Protein (g) 33 -

Protein Structure Primary- amino acid sequence Secondary Tertiary Regular folding  helix  pleated sheet Hydrogen bonding between O----+H-N on the polypeptide backbone Tertiary Folding Interactions between the side groups

Tertiary Structure Hydrophobic interaction Hydrogen bonds Disulfide bridge Ionic bonds

Protein Structure Quaternary More than one polypeptide More than one gene!

Protein Function Structural support Collagen, silk, keratin

Transport

Hormones Insulin

Receptors

Defense Antibody

Enzymes A protein that does a special job Thousands in the body Catalyze reactions Reusable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?form=6&db=t&Dopt=s&uid=24928

ATPase

Nucleic Acid DNA & RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, & more) Store information for making protein Genes – sequence that codes for a protein Four nucleotide bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Nucleotide Nitrogen Base Phosphate Sugar

Polynucleotide Hydrogen Bonds