 Diana died after a car crush in a road tunnel in Paris along with Dodi Al-Fayed. (Citation is not needed, common knowledge)  After Diana’s death, on July 6, 2004, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain designed by the architect Kathryn Gustafson. The fountain is located in Hyde Park in London. (Citation needed, not common knowledge)

 All statistics, data, figures  References to studies done by others  References to specific facts the avarage reader would not know unless s/he had done research  All direct quotations  All paraphrases  All summaries  All translations  General information that most people know. (World war I took place between the years )  Information shared by a cultural group. (Atatürk was born in Salonika in 1881.)  Knowledge shared by the members of a certain field. The leader- Member-Exchange Theory in political science describes how leaders, over time, develop different exchange relationships with their various followers)

 What is common knowledge in one culture, to one group, might not be common in another.

1. 76 % of the American men sent to Vietnam were from the lower- middle, working class backgrounds. 2. Barrack Obama is the first elected African-American president of the USA. 3. Hitler was born in 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer. 4. The 1789 French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France during which the French government underwent radical changes.

1. 76 % of the American men sent to Vietnam were from the lower-middle, working class backgrounds. (Not common knowledge-cite it) 2. Barrack Obama is the first elected African-American president of the USA. (Common knowledge) 3. Hitler was born in 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer. (Not common knowledge-cite it) 4. The 1789 French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France during which the French government underwent radical changes. (Common knowledge)

Giving in-text and end-text references

(Surname, year, page number)

 Gawrich (1988) refers to an incident during the Dardanelles Campaign. He narrates that Mustafa Kemal...in that area (p.322)  Robinson (1963, p. 245) explains that during the battle of Anafarta Ridge,...little hope of survival.  In Leadership: Enriching the Lessons of Experience, it is argued that... (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2006, p. 290).

 A source with 2 writers: 1. Programs for helping leaders and would-be leaders to become more emotionally intelligent have mushroomed in recent years. (Hermen & Mellers, 2000, p. 32) 2. Hermen and Mellers (2000) state that programs for helping leaders and would-be leaders to become more emotionally intelligent have mushroomed in recent years (p.32).

 The first time it is mentioned: In leadership: enhancing the Lessons of Experience, it is argued that leaders can be distinguished by their vision and values (Hughes, Ginnet, & Curphy, 2006, p.34).  From the second time onwards: Once a leader displays a particular full range leadership behavior, followers react in a way that either motivates or demotivates them (Hughes et al., 2006, p. 34). Hughes et al. (2006, p.34) explain that once a leader displays a particular full range leadership behaviour, followers react in a way that either motivates or demotivates them.

 According to Viscount Slim, willpower and firmness, which are elements of determination, are the most critical characteristics for a leader (as cited in Hughes et al., 2006, p. 15).

If the source you use has no author but is the work of an organization, you can give the name of the organization instead of the writer’s surname.  (UNESCO, 1999, para. 4) If the source you use has no author, give the title in quotation marks.  (“An Effective Leader,” 2000, para. 7)

If there is no date of publication, put “n.d.” in the place of year of publication.  (Jackson, n.d., para.5).

If the information is on a single page, put “p.” before the page number.  Lewis (1967) points out that following his victory in the Turkish War of Independence, there were many distractions, which at that time might have dissuaded Mustafa Kemal, a war-hero (p. 254). If the information is on more than a single page, put “pp.” before and “-“ between the page numbers.  Kinross (1965, pp ) points out that knowing the patriotic fighting spirit of the Turks, Mustafa Kemal knew how to arouse Turk’s blood. This is how Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish soldiers saved the Gallipoli Peninsula.

If there is no page number, indicate the paragraph number with either the abbreviation “para.” or with the symbol “¶”  In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (para. 3). OR  In his article “Atatürk in His Lifetime and Today”, Mango (2000) explains, as one of the Turkish biographers put it, the basic ideas, the new ideas came from Atatürk, their implementation he left to others (¶ 3).

An end-text reference provides a more detailed account of the sources that have been used in the essay. The aim of giving end-text reference is to provide the reader with all the necessary information in case s/he wants to make use of the same source. End-text reference is listed under the title “References” at the end of your essay.

 All the sources cited in the text should appear on the reference list.  The title of the reference list should be “References” and should be centered on the page.  The reference list should begin on a new page.  The list of works should be arranged alphabetically by the authors’ surnames.  The entries should be double-spaced. The first line should be flushed with the left margin, and all subsequent lines should be indented five spaces from the left margin.

 Appendix B-5  TASK