Weathering – breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces (sediments) because of ‘weather’: ice, freezing, rain, wind & temperature & plants (roots) Sediment – small pieces of broken rock, sand, silt Erosion- the movement of sediment from one place to another: wind, moving water (river), ice (glacier), gravity (landslide) Deposition- the ‘deposit’-ing or dropping of sediments from water erosion (delta) or wind erosion

Natural Resource – anything that nature gives us that we use Renewable Resource- a resource that can be replaced (trees, wind, water cycle, sunlight) Nonrenewable Resource- a resource that takes millions of years to replace (fossil fuels: natural gas, oil/petroleum, coal

FLOW OF ENERGY Food Chain – energy flow is shown with an The SUN is the first part of any food chain  PRODUCERS- produce their own food= PLANTS (all plants get their energy from the sun-photosynthesis) CONSUMERS- must consume their food (must get their energy from other sources) -Herbivore- eats only plants -Carnivore- eats other animals: meat/flesh -Omnivore- eats both plants & animals/meat ECOSYSTEM- a combination of plants and animals living in one community all connected

LIFE CYCLES- stages an organism goes through Frog- egg, tadpole, young frog, adult Butterfly- egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, adult Grasshopper- egg, nymph (no wings), (molts & loses its hard outer skeleton), adult (incomplete metamorphosis) Flower- egg, seed, seedling, mature plant, flower/pollen Animals – egg, embryo, infant, adolescent, adult Mammal- nurse their young (mammary/milk gland)

MINERAL PROPERTIES A nonliving solid in crystal form, which forms in nature- under the ground-even the air (minerals do not contain rocks!) Cleavage/Fracture- a crack or break in a mineral Streak – the color left behind when a mineral is rubbed on a white tile Hardness- ability to scratch another mineral (Mohs scale is 1-10) talc=1 [fingernail=2.5] diamond=10 Luster- how shiny or dull a mineral is (shiny, dull, earthy, waxy, metalic, glassy)

ROCK: a solid in nature that is made of one or more minerals IGNEOUS ROCK- forms from a volcano’s lava that cools (‘ignite’) -cools deep underground = more crystals form -cools above ground= not as many crystals form SEDIMENTARY ROCK- when bits of ‘sediment’ push and cement together deep under water (fossils) METAMORPHIC ROCK- form deep underground from heat & pressure changing from one form into another (‘morph’- means change)

IGNEOUS ROCK- can break down into sediments (from wind or water), fall to bottom of river/ocean, cement from weight of water into SEDIMENTARY ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK- Can melt in a magma chamber and erupt out of vocano, cool into an IGNEOUS ROCK. Or, be at the edge of a plate, be pushed up exposed above ground, be eroded by wind/water into sediments, cemented into SEDIMENTARY ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK- can be at edge of plate, be pushed down into mantle, be heated & pressed into METAMORPHIC ROCK.

EARTH, MOON, SUN Moon Phases- appear to change [as seen from Earth] caused by the Moon revolving around Earth. Seasons – caused by Earth’s axis being tilted *when Northern Hemisphere is tilted TOWARD Sun, its having SUMMER *when Northern Hemisphere is tilted AWAY from Sun, its having WINTER Earth’s ROTATION (spinning) on its axis causes : 1.DAY & NIGHT: One complete spin= 12 hrs of day & 12 hrs of night. (sun rising & sun setting) 2.Moon appears to move across the Earth’s sky 3.Sun appears to move across the sky in the daytime MOON rotates same time it revolves, so we only see one side of moon

INVERTABRATES ARTHOPODS (spider, scorpions, crab), INSECTS, SNAILS, SQUIDS, SEA SLUGS,

AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS, FISH,

PLANT PARTS & STRUCTURES: ROOTS- anchor/hold plants in ground; take in/absorb water & nutrients from soil STEM – support plant to stand tall & strong; carries water & nutrients up/ glucose food down LEAF/NEEDLE – use energy from sun, carbon dioxide to make food: glucose FLOWER – attracts pollinators, helps some plants reproduce, many grow into fruit (containing a seed) CONE- not a fruit, but disperses seeds SEED – structure that contains a young plant and its food supply

PLANT SEXUAL [MALE/FEMALE] REPRODUCTION MALE PARTS: STAMEN- male organ; thin stalk topped with a saclike anther produces pollen ANTHER – male organ that produces pollen POLLEN- male part contains sperm, which is needed to fertilize the female egg FEMALE PARTS: PISTIL- female organ that contains the ovary-where eggs are made OVARY- female structure where eggs are made PETAL – puter part of flower that attracts Pollinators: butterflies, birds, bats, wind (25%), bees/insects SEED- fertilized egg that will grow into a seedling GERMINATION – when a seed sprouts SEEDLING – when the small plant grows roots & a stem (a very small beginning of the plant SEED DISPERSAL- the spreading of seeds through Wind, animal dung, catching on moving animals. Animals bury seeds, floating on water,