Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 37 The Animal Body: Introduction to Structure and Function
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Main types of animal tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Classification depends on structure and origin
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer or sheet covering a body surface or lining a body cavity Protection Absorption Secretion Sensation
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Connective tissue consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Connective tissue contains specialized cells Fibroblasts Macrophages Functions of connective tissue Joins other tissues Supports the body and its organs Protects underlying organs
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Muscle tissue consists of cells specialized to contract Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Nervous tissue Elongated cells called neurons –Specialized for transmitting impulses Glial cells –Support and nourish neurons
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Types of epithelial cell shapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Type of epithelial tissue Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple squamous epithelium Lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs Exchange of materials by diffusion
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple squamous epithelium
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium Lines passageways Specialized for secretion and absorption
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple cuboidal epithelium
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Simple columnar epithelium
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Stratified squamous epithelium Outer layer of skin Lines passageways into the body Provides protection Pseudostratified epithelium Lines passageways Protects underlying tissue
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Stratified squamous epithelium
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Pseudostratified epithelium
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Glands are formed from epithelial tissue Goblet cells –Unicellular glands that secret mucus –Exocrine glands secrete onto an epithelial surface Endocrine glands –Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Glands
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Epithelial membrane Sheet of epithelial tissue and a Layer of underlying connective tissue Mucous membrane Lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body Serous membrane Lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Types of connective tissue Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone Blood
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Loose connective tissue In the subcutaneous tissue Between many body parts Fibers in a semifluid matrix Cartilage cells (chondroctyes) In lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Loose connective tissue
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Cartilage
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Osteocytes Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone Compact bone consists of spindle-shaped units called osteons –Central blood vessel through a Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Bone
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Skeletal muscle Striated Under voluntary control Each elongated, cylindrical muscle fiber has several nuclei
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Cardiac muscle Striated Contraction is involuntary Elongated, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse Each fiber has one or two nuclei
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Smooth muscle Contracts involuntarily Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers lack striation Each fiber has a central nucleus Responsible for movement of food through the digestive tract
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Muscle tissues
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Elongated neurons receive and transmit information Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body Axon transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland Synapse is a junction between neurons
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Nervous tissue
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Organ systems Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Homeostasis Automatic tendency to maintain a balanced internal environment Dynamic equilibrium maintained by negative feedback systems Regulators respond to counteract changes caused by stressors
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Homeostasis
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Thermoregulation Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature Physiological Structural Behavioral
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Ectotherms Body temperature varies with the environment Very little energy used Less food needed Activity may be limited by daily and seasonal temperatures
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Endotherms Mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a narrow range Increased enzyme activity Activity even in low winter temperatures High energy cost
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Acclimatization Process of adjustment to seasonal changes Torpor –Adaptive hypothermia Hibernation –Long-term torpor in winter cold Estivation –Torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat