European Exploration

Earlier Explorers Marco Polo – – his journey through Asia lasted 24 years – – he became a favorite of Kublai Khan – – Polo traveled all through China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest story Zheng He – – he sailed from China to many places in seven voyages from 1405 to 1433, – – each expedition was an enormous undertaking. – – also included at times were Muslim religious leaders and Buddhist monks

Zheng HeMarco Polo

Motives for Exploration curiosity refugees & missionaries $$$$$ technology-abled fame and fortune adventure

The Portuguese Connection Prince Henry, the Navigator - established a school for sailors - focused on navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding - enabled sailors to better guide their ships and to come up with new ship designs

Map of African coast discovered by expeditions sponsored by Prince Henry Courtesy of:

Portuguese Explorers Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s coasts Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s coasts Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route to Indian Ocean Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route to Indian Ocean Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)

Christopher Columbus

Columbus’ Voyages led the way for exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas led the way for exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas He is normally referred to as the “discoverer” of the New World He is normally referred to as the “discoverer” of the New World Columbus is considered most important Columbus is considered most important

Other Voyages of Exploration

Other Explorers Ferdinand Magellan – led the first expedition that sailed around the globe Ferdinand Magellan – led the first expedition that sailed around the globe

Amerigo Vespucci – Columbus may have found the New World, but Vespucci was the one who realized that it was indeed a New World So, how did we get our name? Did Vespucci name it after himself?

PIRATES Dead Men Tell No Tales! Courtesy of Kimberley Warrick

The Golden Age of Piracy Mid 18 th century to early 19 th century Many were not villainous There were, however, several who were cutthroat, vile, greedy, horrible people!

The Infamous Pirate Hangouts ~ Port Royal and Tortuga The buccaneers helped England secure Jamaica as it’s own, about The first governor was empowered to issue privateering commissions this place became known as the “wickedest city in the world.”

Port Royal and Tortuga Tortuga was uninhabited in the 1600’s, but Spain claimed ownership since it was near Hispaniola (Haiti). In 1630, some English buccaneers settled this place This little island became the scene of the most drunken and depraved behavior known at the time. And the pirates loved it!

Tortuga

Famous Pirates Blackbeard Calico Jack Anne Bonny Grace O’Malley Henry Morgan Black Bellamy Bartholomew Roberts

Female Pirates Many women entered a life at sea for many reasons The life of a pirate or merchantman offered a lot Anne Bonny and Mary Read are the most infamous female pirates. They sailed with Calico Jack Rackham.

The Jamestown Connection Captain Christopher Newport, commanded the ship the Susan Constant to Jamestown. Commissioned by England to fight the Spanish The Lost Colony (Roanoke) was supposed to be a privateering base for England.

The Jamestown Connection Bartholomew Gosnold was also a privateer raiding Spanish ships for England. formed the Virginia Company and sailed with the others to Jamestown.

Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates The Barbary Coast (Northern African nations) was home to several companies of pirates. In the 17 th and 18 th centuries, the British and French paid tribute to these pirates for safe passage through the Mediterranean Sea. After the Revolution, America had to be responsible for the safety of her naval enterprises. In 1784, Congress decided to allocate money to pay tribute to these pirates.

The Barbary Wars Jefferson argued that conceding the ransom would only encourage more attacks. The U.S. paid Algiers the ransom 1801, Jefferson became president and stopped payments Barbary States declared war on the United States 1804, 1 st Barbary War ended after U.S. Marines launched an attack on Tripoli and freed hostages

The Barbary Wars In 1801, Jefferson became President. The Barbary States issued a demand for tribute from the new administration. Jefferson refused; the States declared war on America. Several frigates were sent to the North African coast on the Mediterranean Sea where they were victorious over Algiers and Tunis, seizing all the “vessels and goods” of the leaders of the States. Tripoli continued its fight against America, and subsequently, the American navy set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the city’s fleets. In 1803, the Tripoli fleet captured the USS Philadelphia and took the captain and the crew hostage. In February 1804, the US Marines with help from several Greek, Arab, and Berber mercenaries launched an attack on Tripoli freeing the hostages, and ending the First Barbary War.

A Pirate’s PowerPoint With a partner, you will create a pirate’s powerpoint Please sign up for your pirate so we don’t have duplicates! The powerpoint is due at the beginning of class on Thursday – it should be absolutely no longer than 5 minutes Please refer to your handout for specific information to include in your presentation

Europe and the Americas The Spanish Conquest Courtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS

The Aztecs Hernán Cortés Moctezuma II vs.vs.

Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa vs. The Incas

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

European Empires in the Americas

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 * Spain and Portugal start to argue over who gets what land * Pope Alexander VI decides to draw an imaginary line called the Line of Demarcation * Portugal received all the land to the east of it, Spain received all the land to the west

Portugal is unhappy with the arrangement so Spain agrees to move the line 800 miles west (the Treaty of Tordesillas); this goes through Brazil today The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

New Colonial Rivals

New Patterns of World Trade

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans 2.First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in Portuguese sugar plantations More than one million enslaved Africans exported to Brazil 4.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.