 Until 20 th century: Dynastic Cycles  Long periods of family rule divided by times of chaos.  Mandate of Heaven  Legitimacy, right to rule, came from ancestral wisdom from heaven.

 Overthrew emperor  Birth of the Republic of China  Weak central government under...  Sun Yat-sen  Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT])  Provincial warlords retained much power  Supported by various foreign powers

 Formed by intellectuals in  Controlled by USSR.  Initially united with KMT to defeat warlords and unite the country.

 1927: KMT surprise attack against Communists  Beginning of Civil War  KMT led by...  Chiang Kai-shek  Communists led by...  Mao Zedong

 1931: Japanese invade Manchuria  1937: KMT and Communists ally to fight Japanese.  1945: WWII ends. Civil War back on.  1949: People’s Republic of China  Chiang to Taiwan

 Collectivism  Community above individual  Self-Reliance & Struggle  Egalitarianism  Mass Line  Line of communication (back and forth) from CCP leaders, through members, to peasants.  Leaders take ideas of the masses, shape them into policy, then explain that policy to the masses.  “Iron Rice Bowl:” Guaranteed Employment.

Both  Democratic centralism  Pre-industrial society Mao  More Egalitarian social structure  Mass line: greater political efficacy (in theory)  More agrarian based

 Heavily influenced by Soviet expertise  Land Reform– redistribution from rich to poor  Collectivization and development of industry

Causes  USSR would not support:  China’s nuclear development  Attempts to attack Taiwan  USSR relaxed hostility with U.S.

 Mass line  Give and take of ideas  Invited criticism of party performance  Mass complaints by intellectuals about the political system.  Critics labeled as “rightists.”  Start of Anti-Rightist Campaign  Thousands of intellectuals persecuted

 Develop industry AND agriculture  Collectivization of farms  Contradicted earlier land reform  Mass Mobilization  People’s Communes  Thousands of households in one unit  Competed with other communes

 Communes made their own steel.  Cheap and useless  Beijing set high goals for farm output  Local party members lied on reports  Not enough food for commune workers  Unusually bad weather  Three year famine  Famine and false reports led to 30 million deaths  Party members afraid to challenge Mao’s policy

1. What are the reasons for the Cultural Revolution? 2. Who were the targets? 3. How was it carried out?

 Mao withdrew from public for several years after failure of Great Leap Forward.  Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping lead recovery.  Allowed farming on the side.  Relaxed restrictions on peasants.

Reasons  Mao feeling obsolete.  Declared that the party itself was an obstacle to revolution Factions in CCP  Reds  Politically reliable ideologists  Utopians Versus  Experts  Intellectuals  Economic growth

“THE FOUR OLDS” Ideas Culture Habits Customs  Party Officials  Landlords  Capitalist Roaders  Rightists  Intellectuals  Businessmen  Associated with foreigners  Red Guard:  Followers of Mao who carried out Revolution

Cult of Personality  The excessive adulation of a single leader  Little Red Book  Book of Mao quotes  Loyalty Dance  Twice a day homage to Mao.

 Sent-Down Youth  Mao sent Red Guard to live in most rural areas to learn from peasants.  1976: Mao Dies  1976: Arrest of the Gang of Four  Included Mao’s wife  Radical architects of the Cultural Revolution IMPACT  Over ½ million killed.  10 years of closed schools.  No scientific or technological advancement  Deng Xiaoping, a moderate “expert,” became new leader.

BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT  “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice.”  Focus on economic prosperity, not socialism.  Dramatic turn-around for economy  Combined:  Socialist Planning  Capitalist Free Market  SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY

 Economic Pragmatist  Political Authoritarian  Absolute authority of Communist state. Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization  GRADUAL economic change, NOT “shock therapy”

FOUR MODERNIZATIONS Industry Agriculture Science Military  Open Door Trade Policy  Reformed Education  Visited U.S. and normalized relations

Household Responsibility System  Peasants could lease land.  Keep the surplus crop.  Greatly reduced poverty in the countryside.  “Mao Zedong gave us liberation. Deng Xiaoping gave us food.”  Popular saying in countryside

 Small entrepreneurs begin to emerge.  Township and Village Enterprises (TVE)  Rural factories and businesses  Run by local government and private entrepreneurs.  Beginning stages of privatization

 Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities.  1979: 4 SEZ “TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!” -- Deng Xiaoping

 Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities.  1979: 4 SEZ  1984: 18 SEZ  1990s: Began to create:  Free Trade Zones  High-Tech Zones  Economic & Tech Zones  Various zones get different preferential policies “TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!” -- Deng Xiaoping

 Number of SOEs is decreasing.  Number of private enterprises is increasing.

 The size and assets of SOEs is on the rise.

Made in China…

Urban Households Rural Households SIGNIFICANT INCOME INEQUALITY