Using Sources and Referencing Student Learning Advisory Service Gina May

What is Plagiarism? “Academic misconduct” Presenting other people’s work as if it were your own. Cheating and Deceiving.

True or False ? True or False ? 1. Submitting the same work, or section, for more than one module constitutes plagiarism. True 2. Plagiarism may occur in oral or graphic work as well as in written work. True 3. There is no need to cite well-known facts. False, this depends on the context 4. Within a group or pair work project students can hand in the same work without worrying about plagiarism. False, this depends on the instructions and marking criteria

True or False ? True or False ? 5. Submitting the same work, or section, for more than one module constitutes plagiarism. True 6. Plagiarism may occur in oral or graphic work as well as in written work. True 7. There is no need to cite well-known facts. False, this depends on the context 8. Within a group or pair work project students can hand in the same work without worrying about plagiarism. False, this depends on the instructions and marking criteria

True or False ? 8. In source A, source B is quoted. When using this quote in my essay I need only acknowledge source A. False 9. I am allowed to change a quote to make it fit grammatically into my own writing. True, but you need to indicate the changes 10.When finding information or ideas in several sources, I need to cite all of them. False, this depends on what you are hoping to demonstrate

Causes of Plagiarism Lack of confidence Insufficient English language skills Inadequate essay writing skills Inadequate note-taking techniques Ignorance of academic conventions Incorrect/ inadequate referencing Time pressure Intention to deceive

How to Avoid Plagiarism The best (only) defence against plagiarism is proper referencing

Why do you need to Reference? To develop good academic practice To show which ideas are not your own To demonstrate your reading/research To demonstrate understanding of the topic To let the reader know where the facts and ideas have come from To allow tutor to check details To avoid the problem of Plagiarism!

What Do I Need to Reference? Basically, everything.... Any idea, fact, concept, theory, opinion, snippet, etc... It does not have to come from a book You MUST show where everything has come from Always acknowledge the work of other people

Elements of Referencing author date of publication place of publication full title page numbers or line numbers

Harvard Basic approach 1. In the main body of the text: - Author’s name - Date of publication - Page numbers 2. In the bibliography: - Author’s name - Date of publication - Full title - Place of publication & publisher

Harvard In text: Under the states of emergency, however, the police detained many labour leaders, and in February 1988 Cosatu was prohibited from engaging in political activities (Baskin, 1991, p.59).

In-text citations If author’s name occurs in the sentence: Cottrell (1999, p23) claims that students should always engage in correct academic practice. If the name does not occur in the sentence: Students should always engage in correct academic practice. (Cottrell, 1999, p23)

Secondary Citations Secondary citations: There was clear evidence in the research of genetic mutations appearing in the plant (White, 2001, cited in Murray and Saint, 2007, p.182).

Whole Book or Chapter Kaplan and Jones (2005) studied the effect of pollution in five major cities.

Direct Quotation ‘Family crisis intervention has to be on a twenty-four hour basis’ (Ward & Hicks, 1997, p.6)

With no obvious author The number of dementia sufferers in the UK has been recently estimated at 570,000 (Department of Health, 2008).

Web Citations Known author shown on website It is clear that the economy is failing (Grice, 2012). No named author shown on website: use the name of the whole website: It is clear that the economy is failing (BBC, 2012).

Footnote Style Under the states of emergency, however, the police detained many labour leaders, and in February 1988 Cosatu was prohibited from engaging in political activities.¹ ___________________ 1. Jeremy Baskin, Striking Back: A History of Cosatu (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1991), p Baskin, Striking Back p.90

Terms explained Citing:formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtained information. Reference: the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information. Bibliography:the list of sources you have used.

Using other people’s work Quotation: exact reproduction of an expression, part of sentence, sentence or paragraph. “Use inverted commas”. Citation: summarised/paraphrased reporting of an idea, concept etc.

Use sparingly Quotations: Avoid long quotations Make sure quotations fit grammatically Citations: Be sure to use your own words. Indicate (in the text) where ideas are from somewhere/someone else.

Inserting the quotation Integrate short quotations into your sentence & use quotation marks. e.g. Turner (2007, 14) suggests that you should work 'better not longer'. For a longer quotation begin on a new line indent the whole quotation use the exact wording and punctuation

Changing the quotation - use … if you omit words and [ ] if you add words of your own Working better not longer is an important concept for everyone in industry and advises that everyone should learn to work more effectively in the time available during the working day rather than working longer hours (Turner, 2007, 14). Working better not longer is an important concept … [you should] learn to work more effectively in the time available … rather than working longer hours (Turner, 2007, 14).

Always reference Direct quotes Paraphrases or summaries A map, graph, or diagram taken from another source Someone else's idea explained in your own words

Do not include a reference for: Statements that are common knowledge, either generally or within your topic. e.g. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. or Descartes' cogito illustrates the notion of philosophical doubt. Your own ideas and arguments Your analysis or criticisms of other people's ideas

QUESTIONS?