The Music of Sound: Strategies and Tools for Creating Music with Digital Audio Dr. Daniel Hosken Assistant Professor of Music Technology California State University, Northridge Presented at the CMEA/TI:ME Annual Meeting Pasadena, CA March 12, 2003

Contents Motivation Why Not MIDI? Brief History of Sound Composing Steps in a Sound Composition Project Types of Sound Composition Projects Software for Recording and Manipulating Digital Audio

Motivation Composition is a fundamental musical skill Traditional methods require music literacy Composing with sound is an alternative Useful for future listeners and future musicians Techniques are in wide use in popular music Related techniques can be found in sound design for film, TV, and other media

Why Not MIDI? MIDI is note based MIDI sequencers privilege bars/beats MIDI obscures properties of sound Easily accessible techniques privilege repetition and accretion over development

History of Sound Composition Limited editing in early recording media 1930s: experiments with turntables 1940s–50s: development of tape recording –Musique Concrète (Schaeffer in Paris) –Elektronische Musik (Stockhausen in Cologne) –Tape Music (Luening and Ussachevsky at Columbia) 1950s: advent of computer music 1960s: synthesizers 1980s: MIDI, cheap synthesizers, PCs 1990s: All in software, Interactivity, Multimedia

Steps in a Sound Composition Project Acquiring Sound –Libraries –Custom Recording –Synthesis Creating a Plan Choosing a Tool Composing Evaluation and Revision

Types of Projects Collage Soundscape Text Piece Remix Sound Design for Multimedia

Collage Record items in pocket or classroom –Perhaps use “like” sounds (e.g., paper sounds) –Strike, shake, rattle, drop, break the objects into mic What are the properties of these sounds? –Pitch: high, medium, low –Loudness: loud, medium, soft –Timbre: descriptive terms (e.g., “bright, sharp”) How might sounds be organized in time? –Rhythm: fast, slow and regular, irregular –Plan property “trajectories” to create phrases How might phrases be organized (i.e., form)? –Introduce simple concepts such as ABA

Collage Examples Bajon’s Collage (Art Student) Bajon’s Audio-Video Devin’s Collage (Art Student) Melanie’s Collage (Music Student) Damon’s Collage (Music Student)

Soundscape Record a “Sound Walk” –Find a variety of environments What are the characteristics of these environments? –Ringing vs. Dry –Natural sounds vs. Artificial sounds “Compose” a new environment –Juxtapose different spaces and events –Use environments to create a narrative

Text Piece Record a reading of poetry or prose –Perhaps use different languages and reading styles Manipulate and process the text –Changes of pitch/speed –Reordering of words or phonemes –Cut into unintelligible chunks of pure sound Create a new reading or an abstract sound piece –Enhance existing meanings –Create new meanings –Organize pure sound as in collage

Text Piece Examples Dorothy’s Text Piece (Music Student) Agnes’ Text Piece (Music Student) Damon’s Text Piece (Music Student)

Remix Acquire sound –Use sound from CD –Record the band, orchestra, choir, etc. Identify phrases and sections Create a new version of the piece –Reorder phrases –Create new repetitions –Delete elements (perhaps just one beat!) –Cut into abstract sounds and treat as collage –Combine elements from different pieces

Remix Examples Jon’s Remix Matt’s Remix

Sound Design Watch scenes from film/TV and identify elements –Dialog –Music –“Foley” and Sound Effects Digitize or otherwise acquire a video clip without sound “Spot” the video for foley and effects Acquire sound –Custom Recordings –Libraries –Synthesizers Manipulate sound and “Sync” sound to Digital Video

Sound Design Examples David’s “Whoosh-Slam” Clay’s “Whoosh-Slam” Clay’s Star Wars John’s Star Wars

Software for Digital Audio Desired Features for Software –Mono or stereo recording –Multi-track (for layering sounds) –Cut, Copy, Paste –Effects: Pitch shift, time stretch, filters $$ Software $$ –Most commercial sequencers (e.g., Cubase, Logic, Performer, Cakewalk, Sonar, Nuendo) Free Software –Pro Tools Free (Fits Specs) –Sonicworx Artist Basic (Stereo Editor) –SoundHack (Sound Processor)

A quick tour of Pro Tools Free Edit Window View (modes, tools, track)

PT Free Tour Transport

PT Free Tour Mix Window

PT Free Tour “Plug-in” List

PT Free Tour Pitch Shift (example of “Plug-in”)

PT Free Tour Tools: grabber, I-beam, trimmer, fade

PT Free Tour Volume and Pan Edits

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