Possibly the earliest life used RNA:

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Presentation transcript:

Possibly the earliest life used RNA: RNA can both store information and perform enzymatic activities. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

Although early life probably used only RNA: Most life now uses DNA + RNA + Proteins. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

The classic view of the central dogma of biology states: "the coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into individual transportable cassettes, composed of messenger RNA; each mRNA cassette contains the program for synthesis of a particular protein" B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

The central dogma of biology is all about: Information Storage/Information Translation/ Information Conversion/Biological Action Digital Printer/ RNA Polymerase Instructions to build/ Ribosomes Wheat Harvest/ Enzyme Activity Transcription Translation Protein Action Data storage/ CDs/DNA Printed information/ Assembly Instructions/mRNA Assembled Machine/ Wheat Harvest/Protein Biological Product/ Food/Carbohydrate B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology Transcription

DNA is folded into Chromosomes! B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology Humans have 22 sets of chromosomes (from father and mother) plus Sex Chromosomes; XX or XY. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology Transcription goes from a stable 2-stranded DNA to a single stranded RNA B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology Figure 1-9 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Having two steps allows much better control of the output, even amplification. Little of Protein A Lots of Protein A Figure 7-2 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology RNA Polymerases is a bio-machine that makes RNA from DNA- like a loom that makes cloth from fiber. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

Structural differences between bacteria and eukaryotic cells Nucleus Organelles Linear DNA Cells Cell membrane ribosomes nucleoid circular DNA Prokaryotes (bacteria) Eukaryotes (plants and animals and fungi) B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

like different beads in jewelry. Ribosomes are very big machines that assemble different amino acids together- like different beads in jewelry. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

TEM of many Ribosomes making proteins from one mRNA B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

Ribosomes make proteins; Proteins make Products; Enzymes are Catalyst In chemistry. a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected. B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology Proteins start out unstructured- Like Origami. Then they FOLD into special shapes! B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

Proteins shape gives them their activity! B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

alpha-helix and Beta-sheet! All the millions of proteins on earth are build from two secondary structures: alpha-helix and Beta-sheet! B. Bruce - Central Dogma of Biology

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