Audio and Motion Media

Audio Media Audio - may be described as sound or music Sound - meaningless noise or vibrations transmitted with frequencies ranging from 20 to 20,000 hertz Music - the art of arranging successive sounds to form a unified and meaningful composition

Audio Media - an educational term which refers the use of elements such as voice, sound or music as instructional tools - they stand as instructional materials themselves or as auditory adjuncts

Studies on the Use of Audio Media Kerr, 1999 when accompanied by other forms of media, audio media may enhance the understanding of content material Encyclopedia of Educational Technology, 2011 in multimedia presentations, audio media elements provide emotion, drama and perspective and most importantly connect the learner to the presentation’s message Serafini, 2004 audiobooks have been found to improve children’s reading proficiency

Audio Media in the Classroom 1.Audio Lessons a. Multimedia - using more than one form of media such as text, graphics, animation and sound b. Audiobooks - are narrated recordings of a book - used in schools by teachers of foreign language, physically challenged learners, and struggling readers or non-readers 2. Songs and Rhymes - songs, rhymes, learning songs, music plays or teaching songs are used to help students remember important educational concepts

Audio Equipment/Tools a. Audio Cassette Tape - a magnetic plastic tape that can be used as storage for analog audio recordings - have a lifespan of 10 to 15 years - cassette tape players and recorders are used to record audio and are used to play audio recordings in an audio tape 1. Audio Storage – refers to gadgets and materials that have the capacity of storing audio items over time.

b. CD/DVD/BD Compact Disc (CD) - are used to store digital audio recordings - seen as an enhancement of phonographic records - can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data DVD - an optical disc storage technology for video, audio, and computer data - can hold high-quality audio, pictures, and any other sort of digital information - can store up to 4.7 gigabytes (GB) of data Blu-ray Disc or BD - allows recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition (HD) video, as well as storing large amounts of data - five times the storage capacity of DVDs and can hold up to 25 GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc

c. Flash and Computer Hard disk drives Flash drive / USB drive - a small portable storage device that is connected to a computer via USB port Hard Disk Drive - on any computer or as external hard disk drives d. Mobile phones - are good audio storage, recording devices and players e. Audio Players - plays audio files in formats such as.wav and mp3

2. Microphones and Speakers Microphones - transducers which detect sound signals and produce an electrical image of the sound that is delivered Speakers - an electroacoustic transducer that uses a magnetic circuit to achieve acoustic radiation 3. Audio Editing Software - lets you record and edit music, voice and other audio recordings

1. Find the best recording distances and positions for the speaker in relation to the microphone (usually 6 to 18 inches directly in front of the mic). 2. Speak in a clear, distinct conversational manner. 3. Eliminate all undesired background noises. 4. Do not move the microphone during recording because of its sensitivity. 5. Do your recording in a room without excessive echo quality. 6. Make a provision against interruption. Tips for Audio Recording

1. Direct learning from the speaker 2. Improve the listening skills of the students 3. Catches and enhances the attention of the students 4. Handy 5. Can be played over and over again 6. Retrievable information 7. Can serve as a verbal record for interviews Advantages of Audio media

1. Limited attention concentration 2. One-way communication 3. Requires good listening skills 4. Basic method of teaching is repetition 5. New materials necessitated extensive use of equipment with all associated problems of black- out and worn out cassette tape 6. Equipment could break down 7. Analog format is not sophisticated equipment of today 8. Hardware involved extra time, worry, and problems Limitations of Audio Media

Motion Media - instructional media that employ moving images such as television, motion pictures, films and video recordings

-a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images -may specifically refer to television set, television programs or television transmission -used for viewing recorded material from video cassettes, laser discs, DVS discs and Blu-ray discs -if it does not provide for tuning and broadcast signals, and its purpose is just a display device, then it is a monitor Television

- a celluloid material on which a series of still images are chemically imprinted - are made up of a series of individual images called frames Film

- refers to several storage formats for moving eye pictures: digital video formats and analog videotapes - can be recorded and transmitted in various physical media: in magnetic tape when recorded as PAL or NTSC electric signals by video cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV digital media when recorded by digital cameras Video

1. 8mm Video format 2. Beta Format 3. DV Video 4. DVD Video 5. LaserDisc Video Format 6. VHS Format 7. Material eXchange Format (MXF) 8. Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) 9. Flash Video Format 10. Windows Media Video 11. DivX 12. H XVid Video Formats

1. Manipulation of space (events in microcosm and macrocosm) 2. Alteration of time (slowing down, reversing, or stopping time) 3. Compression of time 4. Expansion of time 5. Animation 6. Safe observation 7. Skill observation and learning 8. Dramatization 9. Encourages affective learning 10. Helps develop problem solving 11. Helps develop cultural understanding Advantages of Motion Media

1.Fixed pace 2.May cause misinterpretation 3.Cost 4.Logistics Limitations of Motion Media

1.Conduct preview 2.Prepare environment 3.Prepare audience 4.Present the material 5.Require learner participation 6.Evaluate Utilizing Motion Media for Instruction

Abellera, R.C., Aquino, G.V., & Hidalgo, L.C. (1988). Principles of teaching and educational technology. Diliman, Quezon City: Kalayaan Press. Corpuz, B.C. & Lucido, P.I. (2008). Educational technology 1. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. Dale, E. (1954). Audio-visual methods in teaching. NY: Dryden Press. Garo, C.D. (2004) Educational Technology. Mandaluyong City National Book Store Grabe, M. (2004). Integrating technology for meaningful learning. NY: Houghton Mifflin. Heinich, R., Molenda, M. & Russel, J. (1993). Instructional media and the new technologies of instruction. Kemp, J. & Smellie, D. (1994). Planning, producing, and using instructional technologies. NY: Harper Collins. References

Kerr, Brenda. Effective Use of Audio Media in Multimedia Presentations. AUDIOBOOKS & LITERACY: An Educator’s Guide to Utilizing Audiobooks in the Classroom Johnson, Denise. Benefits of Audiobooks for All Readers. How Teachers Use Audio Books in the Classroom: The Research Process. research-process/ research-process/ Allen, Janet. Success with Audiobooks. Hans Gelton Video Services. Inventor of the Week. Kadis, Jay DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers).

References Fisher, Tim. Flash Drive. AMR Player. Audio File Types. Audio File Formats. How does an MP3 player work? Microphones. Mike Dorrough and Gary Halverson. Five Classic RCA Ribbon Microphones. Speakers. Audio Speaker.