English Grammar

＊Preposition ＊

Preposition ＊ Morphological Features ＊ Classification ＊ Grammatical Meaning ＊ Morphological Features ＊ Classification ＊ Prepositional phrase & its Functions in sentence

Word or group of words used esp Word or group of words used esp. before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time, method, etc.

Morphological features: 1 form word; 2 not used as sentence element; 3 unstressed when reading; 4 place before n. or pronoun; 5 showing relationship between nouns and pronouns;

﹡The usage of prep. is a matter of habitual practice. ﹡Different prep. with the same word, & the same prep. with different words result in different meanings.

1 morphological structure 2 lexical meaning According to: 1 morphological structure 2 lexical meaning 形态结构 词义

1 simple prep. 2 compound prep. 3 phrasal prep. 4 participial prep. 5 derivative prep. 6 dual prep. 简单介词 合成介词 短语介词 分词介词 派生介词 二重介词

☆ into, upon, without, within, throughout … ☆ according to, ☆ at, by, in, through, of … ☆ into, upon, without, within, throughout … ☆ according to, because of, instead of, in front of, in spite of, on account of …

☆ including, concerning, regarding … ☆ aboard, around, along, behind, besides, beyond … ☆ from behind, until after…

time; place; reason; result; manner/method; affiliation; To show: time; place; reason; result; manner/method; affiliation; concession; accompaniment purpose/target;

about, above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, 表示地点: about, above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, between, beside, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, out of, outside, over, past, to, within, through, towards, under;

at, in, on, since, from, about, till (until), before, after, behind, 表示时间: at, in, on, since, from, about, till (until), before, after, behind, by, within, for, during, around, past, to, between, near, over, into;

from, of, through, for, with, over, by, in, on, because of, 表示方式、方法: with, in, by, through, without, according to, by means of; 表示原因: from, of, through, for, with, over, by, in, on, because of, at, out of;

for, on, in, at, to, against, after; of, from, out of, with, in; 表示目的、目标: for, on, in, at, to, against, after; 表示所属: of, from, out of, with, in; 表示结果: in, into, out, of, to 表示伴随: with 表示让步: after, despite, for, with, in spite of;

prepositional phrase: preposition and the noun or pronoun after it; It functions as: 1 adverbial 2 attribute 3 predicative 4 complement

The young man stood against the door. ☆The sun rises in the east. The young man stood against the door. ☆ The book on the desk is Jack’s. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Lincoln is seen as one of the greatest American presidents. ☆ She looks like her mother. Who is on duty today? ☆ We found ourselves in a dark wood. Lincoln is seen as one of the greatest American presidents.

Distinguish prepositions

Doctor Bethune arrived in China in spring 1938. arrive at a station; 1 表示地点的in和at 一般小地方用at, 大地方用in。 Doctor Bethune arrived in China in spring 1938. arrive at a station;

2 表示时间的in和after in一般用于将来时 after一般用于过去时中 He’ll be back in a week. He returned after a week.

He usually goes to school in the morning. 3 in和on表时间区别 in表一段时间; on表具体时间 He usually goes to school in the morning. He usually stays at home on Sunday morning. ☆ at night, at noon, by day

4 besides和except的区别 besides “除了…以外，还有” except “只有…除外” Besides Mr. Brown, we also went to see the film.（布朗先生也去了） Except Mr. Brown, we went to see the film. （布朗先生没去）

The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. ＊beside “在…旁边” Come and sit beside me. ＊except for 表示除去整体中的一部分。 The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. The village is quiet except for some birds singing in the woods.

except that 后加从句： The composition is very good except that there are a few spelling mistakes. The village is quiet except that there are some birds singing in the woods.

China lies in the east of Asia. 5 in, to和on表方位 in 某范围之内，to某范围之外， on 毗邻、接壤 China lies in the east of Asia. Liaoning Province lies to the south of Heilongjiang Province. Mongolia lies on the north of China.

6 above, over 和on的区别 above“在…之上、高于…” 表示相对高度，不一定在正上方， 反义词是below over“在…之上” 表示垂直之上，反义词是under； on“在…之上” 表示与表面接触，反义词是beneath

A bird is flying above the wood. He keeps his head above water. There is a lamp over our heads. He put a map on the desk.

Practice for Preposition Part One: Choose best answer Part Two: Fill in the blanks

1. The boat is passing ____ the bridge. A under B through C across 2. We went to London ____ October, 1997. A in B on C at A A

3. Taiwan is ____ the east of Fujian. A in B at C to 4. ___ the morning of June 27, they visited the Great Wall. A In B At C On D From C C

5. My room is ___ the third floor. A at B on C in D to 6. They will leave a week ____ today. A from B on C by D for B A

7. My aunt has worked in a clinic _____ 1949. A after B before C till D since 8. The sewing machine is made _____ China. A of B on C in D from D C

C D 9. His father will be back from London _____ a few days. A since B on C in D to 10. We need fifteen more people _____ our team to do the job. A but B except C as well D besides C D

11. My uncle lives ____ 105 Beijing Street. A on B at C to D of 12. He slept well _____ all the windows open. A when B while C with D because B C

13. I don’t think you can finish the work ____ my help. A since B because C without D unless C

14. No one knew Mr. Benson’s address _____ his daughter. A except B excepts C only D beside A

15. Do you know any other foreign language _____ English? A except B but C beside D besides D

16. They are going to plant trees ____ side of the road. A on both B in either C in both D on either D

17. He suddenly returned __ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 18. We offered him our congratulations __ his success. A at B on C for D of A B

19. If they are determined to strike, they will do so ____ what the law says. A regardless of B instead of C in light of D in face of A

20. ____ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Professor White persisted in his research. A Because of B In spite of C As to D In view of B

21. We would contact your nearest relative ____ any accident occurring. A in the event of B in the place of C in order of D on account of A

C 22. ____ the difficulty of getting a job, there will be the problem of finding accommodation in a place where rents are so high. A Except for B In addition C Apart from D Other than

23. He knows English history quite well, but ____ French history he can tell you nothing. A regarding B with regards C as regards to D as regarding A

24. It is a well-known fact that water ____ atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. A consists in B consists of C composed of D is made from B

25. ____ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A In spite of B Because of C But for D As for C

1. ______ modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. With

2. ______ the exception of institutions controlled by church or private corporations, Latin American universities are regulated by Federal laws. With

3. I have given up trying to convince him; there is no point ____ arguing with him. 4. ____ second thoughts, I have decided to postpone my visit to Japan. in On

5. Mr. Smith is looking for an experienced secretary who is capable ____ a sales office. 6. My parents are not interested in modern music. They are ______ the times. of behind

7. ______ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. 8. I prefer writing a term paper ____ taking an exam. Until to

9. It is said that the bus company will raise the bus fare ____ 5%. 10. The students are very familiar ____ all the works of Shakespeare and Milton. by with

11. I forgot where I had put my key ____ the door. 12. Our Prime Minister made a short speech in America _______ an interpreter. to through

13. Please write in ink, and don’t forget to write ____ every other line. 14. The children are playing ____ the snow. on in

15. Several bridges have been built ____ the Huangpu River. 16. Would you like to add some milk and sugar ____ your coffee? over to

17. We usually have a day off ____ Christmas. 18. ____ the event of rain, the graduation ceremony will be held indoors. at In

19. Students are allowed to participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island ____ regular intervals. at

20. ____ one occasion he helped an old woman who was in danger at the risk of his life.

21. He thought it _____ him to do such a thing. 22. He has been _______ the doctor for some weeks. beneath/beyond under

23. You looked _____ fine feather this morning. 24. I’ve always been ____ my guard since then. in on

25. I’ve been in to see if I can be ____ any assistance to them. 26. These products are ____ great demand. of in

27. Her devotion to her mother was ______ words. 28. She was ____ her happiest in her home on the shore of the Black Sea. beyond at

29. What are the major differences ________ British and American English? 30. He was a little gentleman ____ glasses. between with