Chapter 5 Lessons 1 – 3 Chapter 6 Lesson 1, 2 Final Exam Review Chapter 5 Lessons 1 – 3 Chapter 6 Lesson 1, 2

What is land like on Earth? Land is different all over Earth. It can be smooth, rocky, or flat. The different shapes of Earth’s land is called a landform.

Mountains A mountain is a high area of land. Mountains have pointed tops and steep sides.

Hills Hills are small, round mounds of Earth. Hills are not as high as mountains.

Valleys Valleys are the low land between mountains or hills. A river or stream will often flow through a valley.

Plains Plains are flat and wide land. Plains are often used for farm land.

What can maps tell us about Earth? A globe is a map in the shape of a ball. Maps can also be flat. An atlas is a book of maps. Maps can show if land is high or low. Maps usually have symbols to show different landforms.

Continents and Islands The big pieces of land on Earth are called continents. Continents are surrounded by oceans. There are 7 continents. Small pieces of land on Earth are called islands. Islands have water on all sides.

What is inside Earth? Earth is made up of 3 main layers. The crust, the mantle and the core.

The Crust This is the outer layer of the Earth. It is very hard. It is the thinnest layer. We live on the crust. Earth’s land and water is on top of the crust.

The Mantle Below the crust is the mantle. This is a very hot layer.

The Core The center of the Earth is called the core. The core is part liquid and part solid. The core is the hottest part of Earth. It is often split into inner and outer core.

Why is Earth’s Water important? Fresh water is water that is not salty. Fresh water is found in lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. Not all lakes have fresh water.

Fresh Water Supply Dams help supply fresh water to towns or cities. Before we use water it must be cleaned.

Where is most of Earth’s water found? Three quarters (3/4) of Earth’s water is found in salty ocean water. An ocean is a large, deep body of salt water. Many living things live in oceans.

How we use Water We use water for drinking, cleaning, cooking, swimming and many other ways.

Changes to Earth Earth can change over a long time or a very short time. Earth is always changing. New mountains, lakes and rivers are forming. Old ones are disappearing.

Earth Changes Slowly Water, wind, and ice slowly change the shape of land and rocks. Erosion and weathering cause slow changes. Weathering is when rocks or land are broken into small pieces. Erosion is when wind or water move the smaller pieces.

Wind Changes Wind can shape land over a long period of time.

Water Changes Water can be very powerful. Fast moving water can carve through rock and land.

Ice Changes Ice can change land too. Ice can slowly split open rocks. If water freezes, it becomes ice. The ice pushes the crack open.

How does Earth Change Quickly? Changes on Earth’s crust or surface can happen quickly. These include earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and landslides.

Earthquakes Earthquakes happen when the Earth’s crust shakes or moves. Earthquakes can cause damage to buildings or land. They can also form mountains.

Volcanoes A volcano is an opening in Earth’s mantle and crust. When volcanoes erupt, a hot liquid comes out. The hot liquid destroys plants and animals. When the liquid cools, it makes new land shapes.

Floods A flood is water that flows over land and cannot easily soak into the ground. Floods make it hard for animals and plants to survive. Soil would wash away and mud would cover the ground.

Landslides A landslide is sudden movement of soil from higher to lower ground. Rain or melting snow causes landslides.

Natural Resources A natural resource is material from the Earth or nature that we use everyday. Some natural resources are air, water, plants, animals, and rocks.

What are Rocks? A rock is a nonliving part of Earth. Rocks are a useful natural resource found all over Earth. All rocks are made of minerals. Rocks have different shapes, sizes, colors and can feel different. Not all rocks are hard. Some can be softer.

What are Minerals? Minerals are hard, nonliving parts of soil. They are made in the ground over a long time. Rocks are made of one kind or many minerals. Minerals in rocks can make it shine or sparkle. People use minerals and rocks for tools because they are so strong.

What is Soil? Soil is made of tiny pieces of rock and dead plants and animals. Soil is the top layer of Earth’s crust. Soil has different colors, sizes of rocks and textures. Nutrients from dead plants and animals help plants grow. Different types of soil has different kinds of plants, animals and rock pieces.

Types of Soil Sandy soil is rough. It does not hold water well. It is a light brown/gray color. Top Soil is dark brown and holds some water. Plants grow best in this type of soil. Clay soil is an orange/red color. It holds a lot of water and feels slippery. Plants do not grow well in this type of soil

How is Soil Formed? Soil takes a long time to form. Rocks, minerals, and dead plants or animals break down. Decompose is when plants or animals break down or rot. Once dead plants and animals decompose their nutrients become part of the soil.

How is Soil Formed? Soil has different layers. Topsoil is the best for growing plants. This is where the nutrients are. Subsoil is below topsoil. It has less plants and animals in it.

How is Soil Formed? You can see things decompose in compost. A compose pile is a mixture of dead plants and animals with soil.