Lifestyle/ Chronic Diseases (Non-Communicable) Unit 8 In The Book Page 514

Lifestyle/Chronic Diseases Diseases caused by lifestyle choices, genetics, and/or environment and are not communicable

Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular/Heart Disease: any disease of the heart muscle or working parts of the heart Angina Pectoris: Chest pain resulting from narrowed coronary arteries –Heart is not getting enough oxygen Congestive Heart Failure: Coronary Heart Disease: A disease in which the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. Coronary Artery: The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. Plaque: Hardened deposits of fat.

Factors which could lead to Cardiovascular Disease Gender, Heredity, Smoking, Hypertension, High Cholesterol, Poor Diet, Diabetes, Obesity, Lack of exercise, Stress

The Heart p. 210 Has 2 Pumps with 2 Chambers Right side: Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen Left side: Sends oxygenated blood to the body Valves: Flaps of tissue located at the entrances and exits for the heart chambers

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) p. 517 The event in which blood vessels that feed the heart muscle become blocked and the heart does not receive oxygen. It could be caused by a blood clot, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the heart. –This year 1,100,000 people will suffer from a heart attack, and over 40% will die (AHA)

Blood Vessels (p ) Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, largest blood vessels with thick muscular walls. Veins- Carry blood toward the heart Capillaries- Connect the arteries to the veins

Blood Clots Thrombus: A stationary clot in the blood Embolus: A traveling blood clot Aneurysm: The ballooning out of an artery at a point where it has become weak Hemorrhage: The breaking of an artery wall at a point where it has grown weak.

Atherosclerosis (P. 516) A disease in which plaque collects on artery walls. It worsens hypertension and makes blood clots likely. It can cause blockage of arteries that feed critical organs, such as the heart and brain. Arteriosclerosis: Tends to occur naturally as people age. This is the hardening and thickening of the arteries.

Other Types of Heart Disease Arrhythmia: A heart condition when the heart may beat very fast or very slow for no apparent reason. People who do not improve with the help of drugs can receive a pacemaker. Congenital: “Born With” Pacemaker: a device that is implanted in the heart to stimulate normal heart contractions. Murmur: A heart sound that reflects damaged or abnormal heart valves.

Rheumatic Fever Occurs chiefly in children and teens and includes inflammation of the heart valves. Symptoms: Painful, swollen joints, and skin rashes. Prevention: Getting prompt treatment for strep throat.

Blood Pressure (P. 519) The force of blood against the artery walls. Hypertension: High blood pressure, “Silent Killer”. Hereditary Systolic: Contraction, This is the upper value Diastolic: Relaxation, This is the lower value Ideal pressure is 120/80 or below 140/90 (High BP)

Blood Pressure Pre-hypertension: A blood pressure that places people at higher risk for heart disease and stroke. Range of / Stage I: High blood pressure between / Stage II: High blood pressure over 160 / 100 Sphygmomanometer: Used to measure BP Antihypertensive: A drug that lowers hypertension or high blood pressure

Cholesterol A form of fat circulating in the blood that can accumulate on the inner walls of arteries High Cholesterol: borderline, Above 240 High Below 200 milligrams per deciliter is desirable Two Types: High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

HDL Good Cholesterol Takes fat out of the body HDL levels should be above 45mg/dl Carry cholesterol to the liver for breakdown and excretion The higher the level in the blood, the lower the risk of developing heart disease

LDL Bad Cholesterol Builds up on artery walls LDL levels should be below 130 mg/dl Helps lead to atherosclerosis

Diagnosis & Treatment P. 520 Electro-Cardiogram: Electrodes record activity of the heart Cardiac Catheterization: Catheter is inserted into heart, see if there are blockages in blood vessels in the heart Stress Test: Heart action is monitored during bouts of increasingly difficult exercises Echocardiogram: Stress test that visualizes heart walls and pumping action when heart is stressed

Diagnosis & Treatment Cont. Nuclear Stress Test: Radioactive substance injected, show pictures of heart muscle Angioplasty: Balloon inflated in arteries to compress plaque on artery wall, can reduce risk of heart attack Stent: Placed in heart artery to open wall of artery and keep expanded so blood flow is strong

Stroke P. 516 A condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain, basically shutting off all blood flow to the brain. Brain cells die within minutes. Causes: Thrombus, Embolus, Hemorrhage, Aneurysm, Compression from a tumor One of most common causes is due to a blood clot in an artery in the brain.

Symptoms of a Stroke Sudden weakness, numbness, tingling Loss of speech Dizziness, unsteadiness Dimness, loss of vision Paralysis Disability or Death In a major stroke, part of the brain will die causing mental and physical damage and loss of functioning

Cancer P. 531 An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells which spreads into surrounding tissue and other body parts. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system.

Tumor (P. 531) An abnormal mass of tissue that can live and reproduce itself, but performs no service to the body. Benign: A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. Rarely life threatening. Malignant: A tumor that is cancerous and may spread to other parts of the body.

Stages of Cancer P. 531 The cells can break away from a malignant tumor and then enter the blood stream. This can lead to the formation of tumors in other parts of the body. Metastasis: The spread of cancer. “In Situ”: The cancer is not spreading; it is in its original location.

How Cancer Develops 1. Exposure to carcinogen or initiator 2. Initiator enters cells 3. Cells’ genetic material changes 4. Promoter may be present (speeds up development) 5. Multiplication of cells 6. Tumors develop 7. Malignant tumor grows and spreads to surrounding tissue 8. Metastasis occurs

Cancer Warning Signs (P. 534) C- Change in bowel or bladder habits A- A sore that does not heal U- Unusual bleeding or discharge T- Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- Obvious change in a wart or mole N- Nagging cough or hoarseness

Most Common Cancer (P. 535): Skin Cancer Due to overexposure to the sun for many years. This is most easily detected because it is plainly visible. Basal Cell Carcinoma: The most common form of skin cancer. It develops on sun-exposed areas of the body in the form of a small, round, raised red spot. It is almost always cured if it is discovered early. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 2 nd Most common. Malignant Melanoma: The most dangerous of skin cancers. It appears as a mole that changes its appearance and attacks other body parts.

Reducing Your Risk of Cancer (P. 534) Self Exams & Doctor Tests Tobacco Free Lifestyle UV Radiation Dietary Guidelines (fiber, variety, antioxidants) Desirable Weight Avoid Alcohol Avoid Exposure to Dangerous Chemicals, Airborne Fibers, and Air Pollution Avoid STD’s Know family Cancer History

Statistics According to the U.S. Center for Cancer Statistics: the leading cancer found in males, regardless of race, is prostate cancer. The leader cancer found in females is breast cancer (also lung and uterus).

Treatment Approaches (P. 536) Surgery- most common Radiation Therapy- uses radiation to kill or damage cancer cells Chemotherapy- drugs that kill cancer Immunotherapy-immune system stimulated to fight cancer