Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall Cardiovascular Disease

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates- M vs. F Figure 15.1a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings An Epidemiological Overview  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S.  In 2014 CVD accounted for approximately 40% of all deaths  CVD has been the #1 killer in the U.S. since 1900 except for 1918 (influenza)  More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day  Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in American Men and Women, Ages 20 and Older Figure 15.2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Types Of Cardiovascular Disease  Atherosclerosis (plaque in arteries)  Coronary heart disease (CHD)  Chest pain (angina pectoris)  Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)  Congestive heart failure (CHF)  Congenital and rheumatic heart disease  Stroke

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from CVD in the USA Figure 15.5

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Artherosclerosis  Characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery  Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level  Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Coronary Heart Disease  Myocardial Infarction (MI) / heart attack blood supplying the heart is disrupted  Coronary thrombosis blood clot in the artery  Embolus blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system  Collateral circulation if blockage to the heart is minor, an alternative blood flow is selected In this illustration, a clot is shown in the location of #1. Area #2 shows the portion of the damaged heart that is affected by the clot.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Angina Pectoris  Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply  The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more severe the pain  Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax (dilate) the veins  Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Arrythmias  An irregularity in heart rhythm  Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or anxiety  Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat  Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)  Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally  Affects over 5 million Americans  Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem  Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs  Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease  Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born  May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development  Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects connective tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Stroke  Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted  Thrombus – blood clot  Embolus – free flowing clot  Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel  Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions that cause temporary impairment

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Common Blood Vessel Disorders Figure 15.6

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases  Risks you can control Avoid tobacco Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol Maintain a healthy weight Modify dietary habits Exercise regularly Control diabetes Control blood pressure Systolic – upper number Diastolic – lower number Manage stress

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases  Risks you cannot control Heredity Age Gender Race

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery  Angioplasty – a thin catheter is threaded through the blocked arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against the wall of the artery  Coronary bypass surgery – a blood vessel is taken from another site and implanted to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Live heart to be transplanted into patient

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Heart Transplant

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The surgeon will begin by exposing the chest cavity through a cut in the ribcage. The surgeon will then open the pericardium (a membrane that covers the entire heart) in order to remove your diseased heart. The back part of your own left atrium will be left in place, but the rest of the heart will be removed.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Your new heart will be carefully trimmed and sewn to fit the remaining parts of your old heart. This transplant method is called an "Orthotopic procedure". This is the most common method used to transplant hearts. You will be given medications both before and during the operation to prevent you from rejecting the new heart.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 15.4