Stream Order

Stream Order Characteristics First Order Second Order Very small Cold, clear, clean Can jump across them Start from springs, groundwater Forested, rocky, steep Brook trout (PA State fish), only native inland trout, prefer cold, very skittish Wider- maybe jump, can throw More water Warmer water More fish diversity Larger fish size Brown trout tolerate temps (prefer low light) Sculpins, shiners, daces, fallfish Can stock rainbows

PA Annual Precip. Pennsylvania receives an average of ______ inches of precipitation each year. Where does that water go? The total must equal _____. Evaporation & transpiration ____ inches Run off ____ inches Percolation ____ inches Total _____ inches 41 inches 41 inches 20 6 15 41 inches

Land cover http://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/2-2_Landcovermap_11x17.pdf

62 Distinct tree areas! Forest Cover

Factors Determining Forests Temperature, Rainfall and Topography Plant hardiness zones become harsher as one progresses further north in latitude or higher in elevation Elevation, slope and the direction a slope faces all effect the microclimate for plants on any site Water and eroding soil both move down slope with gravity= deeper and moister at the base of the slope South facing slopes receive more direct sunlight than north facing = warmer and drier.

Northern Hardwood 2nd most common Beech, birch, sugar maple, Canadian hemlock, white pine If in south, then on northern slopes Best area for Wild Black Cherry Understory: moosewood, witch hazel, mountain holly, shadbush (serviceberry)

Oak Forest Most of PA Red & white oak, tulip tree, red maple, hickory On ridges white, black, and chestnut oak Dense mountain laurel and black huckleberry In 1904 chesnut blight intro’d in NY, by 1910 PA forests decimated

Mixed Mesophytic Forest Southern PA (common in Smoky Mountains) Tuliptree, sugar maple, beech, basswood, red oak, cucumber tree, yellow buckeye, Ohio buckeye, white ash, black cherry Understory: flowering dogwood, pawpaw, umbrella tree, redbud, witch hazel

Unique Areas Coastal Plain Forest Peat Moss Areas Serpentinite rock Near SE Delaware River Sweetgum, willow oak, southern red oak, sweetbay magnolia, Peat Moss Areas Support tamarack, black spruce Due to glaciation Serpentinite rock South central PA Pitch Pine, VA pine, red cedar, scrub oak, blackjack oak, sassafras Shale & Limestone Barrens Drought tolerant Eastern red cedar, VA pine, Table mountain pine, yellow oak, post oak, hackberry, sumac

Unique Areas Beech Maple Forest Riparian Areas Western edge of PA Riparian Areas Periodic flooding Sycamore, Silver maples, box elder, American elm, slippery elm black willow, green ash, black ash, black walnut, red maple River birch in east, not west Pumpkin ash only in Lake Erie Swamp forest

Soil Color Oxidation of iron and manganese Iron- red & yellow Manganese- black mineral Organics- black hummus Aerobic soil is very consistent, while anaerobic is variable, with patterns, and paint-like designs (often rusty) Deeper soils are lighter, yellower, or redder

Munsell Soil Chart http://envirothonpa.org/documents/munsellcharts.pdf Three parts Hue (color) Value (light or dark) Chroma (color intensity) Uses: Archeology, crime scenes, carpet manufacturing

Bird Calls and Songs Bald Eagle Barn Owl Barred Owl Black-Capped Chickadee Blue Jay Canada Goose Cardinal Common Nighthawk Crow Dove Eastern Towhee Great Blue Heron Great Horned Owl House Sparrow House Wren Kestrel Mallard Meadowlark Northern Flicker Osprey Pheasant Pileated Woodpecker Red-Tailed Hawk Red-winged Blackbird Ruffed Grouse Robin Screech Owl Wild Turkey Wood Duck Wood Thrush Woodcock