NAME: __________________________ Carbons with different elements join to make ____MACROMOLECULES__ “Organic” means a molecule contains __Carbon_________ Since carbon has 4 valence electrons it can make __four____ bonds - great for bonding! The 2 basic shapes of carbon molecules ___RINGS ___CHAINS Word Bank: Carbon Four Straight chains Macromolecules Monomers Polymers Rings Many __MONOMERS_ Join to make ___POLYMERS__

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) Built Up Removing Water monomers Polymers Glucose + fructose  Sucrose Hydrolysis Broken Down Adding Water Polymers Monomers Starch  Glucose+ glucose+ glucose Is how larger molecules are for example Is how larger molecules are by So bonds in So bonds can be made between Are broken down into To build up For example Removing water Polymers Monomers Adding water Built up Broken down Starch  glucose+ glucose+ glucose Glucose + fructose  sucrose.

Carbohydrates Pasta Fruit Milk Sugar Pasta Fruit Milk Sugar Short Term Energy Disaccharide Monosaccharide Starch Polysaccharide Galactose Glucose Maltose Sucrose Fructose Cellulose Glycogen Glucose Storage Cell Wall Glucose Storage Foods Found in plants for Means 1 sugar Different levels of complexity Used for Means many sugar Means 2 sugars examples Found in plants for Found in animals for Chitin Exoskeleton Found in arthropods for Glycogen Sugar Starch Sucrose chitin Short term energy storage Fructose Cellulose Disaccharide Cell wall Polysaccharide Structure Energy Galactose Fruit Glucose Lactose 1:2:1 Pasta Exoskeleton Monosaccharide Milk Lactose

Lipids Hydrophobic (Which means they do not mix with water) Hydrophobic (Which means they do not mix with water) Phospholipid Bilayer Triglyceride 1. Avacado 2.Butter 3. Nuts 1. Avacado 2.Butter 3. Nuts 1. Long Term Energy Storage 2. Insulation 3.Protection 4.Chemical Signals 1. Long Term Energy Storage 2. Insulation 3.Protection 4.Chemical Signals Steriods foods All lipids are Are used for 4 groups or classes of lipids are Made of Examples 3 fatty acids Glycerol and Which can be Unsaturated Saturated Solid at room temp, and contains Liquid at room temp and contains Single Bonds Double Bonds OILS FATS have 4 fused rings and makes up Cholesterol Protection Cardiovascular Disease ( Heart attack) Cell Membrane Testosterone Estrogen Used for Hormones Examples If there is too much it can lead to Component of Waxes Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Goes towards the inside away from water Goes towards the outside toward water

Lipid word bank: Oils Triglyceride Hydrophobic Steroids Cholesterol Insulation Cell membranes Protection Testosterone Unsaturated Butter Waxes Fatty acids Estrogen Saturated Long term energy storage Hormones Component of cell membrane fats Avacado Phospholipids Bilayer Glycerol No double bonds between the carbons Cardiovascular Disease ( Heart Disease) Hydrophobic Tails At least one double bond between the carbons Cell membrane Hydrophilic Head Chemical Signals

Proteins 1. Meat 2.Eggs 3.Dairy 4. Beans 1. Meat 2.Eggs 3.Dairy 4. Beans Denaturation Determines how the protein will fold 1. pH 2. Temperature 1. pH 2. Temperature Amino Acids Function 1. Structure 2. Hormones 3. Enzymes 1. Structure 2. Hormones 3. Enzymes Foods Used for Shape of protein determines When the shape changes it is called Which can be caused by Made up of Polypeptide Peptide Bonds 4° More than one Polypeptide 3° Folding 3D 2° Folding of Amino Acids 1° Order of Amino Acids Which have the following chemical structure(draw) The “R” group is the variable side group To form a protein which is also known as Build up by forming Organized into 4 levels of structure

Word bank for proteins: Peptide bonds 20 amino acids Proteins Meat Hormones (chemical signals) Denature Folding of amino acids (alpha helix and beta sheets) pH Folding into 3D structure to get function Structure (hair and nails) Dairy Eggs Beans More than one polypetide chain Function Temperature Enzymes Order of amino acids Determines how the protein will fold

Test for Organic Molecules Use indicators To Test for Lipids Protein Carbohydrates Glucose Benedicts Heat Orange Stays Blue Iodine Starch Copper Dark Purple/ Black Purple Buriet Stays Blue Waxy On paper it willMixed with + Positive results Negative results Word Bank Biuret Solution Heat for 5 min Orange Proteins Stain red Make it look waxy Purple brown Blue Benedict’s Solution Starch Simple monosaccharaides Iodine Blue/black Lipids Sudan Red

Enzymes Proteins Substrate Active site denaturation temp Reduce activation energy pH To Are made of They function as Leads to Causes Effected by It works by What the enzyme binds In binds in the area called the Loss of function Catalyst pH Catalyst Speed up a reaction speeds up reactions Active site Denaturation Loss of function Reduce activation energy Protein Temperature substrate