Texas History Chapter 21, 22, 23 World War l, Great Depression, War & Peace

International Affairs Mexican Revolution was a concern for Texans Pancho Villa led a raid on Columbus, NM

U.S. Troops Enter Mexico President Wilson sent General Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa Pancho Villa was NEVER CAPTURED

U.S. Enters WW1 German submarines sinking ships carrying American passengers caused President Wilson to bring the U.S. into the “Great War.”

Germany Makes Offer to Mexico German diplomat promised to help Mexico regain Texas, Arizona and New Mexico if Mexico would support Germany in WW1.

Anti-German Feelings Some schools discontinued German classes because people had anti-German feelings.

Texas Mobilizes for War Mexicans living in Texas were not required to serve in the U.S. military. Many volunteered anyway and were honored for bravery in battle.

Texas Mobilizes for War Texas was an ideal location for military bases because of its mild climate and wide open spaces. Army established training camps at Houston, Ft. Worth, Waco and San Antonio

Texas Mobilizes for War The largest flight training school in the world was located at Camp Kelly in San Antonio.

“Do Your Bit” Slogan on WW1 posters Texans helped the war effort by giving to the Red Cross and rationing food. 200,000 Texans served in the military

Texas Women Women helped the war effort by becoming factory workers. Still, struggle for equality was only partially successful.

Struggle for Equality Women got less pay than men for doing the same job Minority women were limited to low-paying jobs

Struggle for Equality African American soldiers: less prejudice in Europe Minorities still found discrimination and prejudice in Texas when they returned home from war

Struggle for Equality Not until 1944, did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that all- white Texas primaries were not legal.

Economy in 1920s After the war, cotton prices fell. People began to leave the farm and rural life for the city to find jobs Rural: country life, agriculture

Texas in the 1920s “Horse and Buggy” era came to an end Women became involved in politics Football became popular sport in high school and college

Great Depression Begins Crop prices decreased People went into debt Unemployment rose

Texas in the Great Depression Farmers’ incomes fell Many people could not afford to pay for food Mexican immigration decreased

New Deal Begins Roosevelt began new programs to deal with problems from Great Depression “Alphabet agencies” were created by the New Deal

Works Progress Administration WPA was one agency created to supply mostly construction jobs for unemployed workers

Texas Celebrates Centennial 1936: main celebration of the Centennial was held at Fair Park in Dallas

Politics in 1930s Mexican Americans began to fight for rights LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens

Dictators Come to Power Military leaders took control in Germany, Italy, and Japan. Axis powers agreed by treaty not to attack each other.

Allied Powers V. Axis Powers Allied countries included Great Britain, France, Russia, and later, the U.S.

Roosevelt Aids Allies Franklin D. Roosevelt was the U.S. President during WWll. Lend-Lease Act: U.S. lent military equipment to the Allies, or countries fighting Axis powers

Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor FDR: “A day that will live in infamy” U.S. declared war against Japan because of the attack on Pearl Harbor

Texans Respond Doris Miller: Waco hero of Pearl Harbor Chester Nimitz: Commander of Pacific fleet

Texans Respond Dwight Eisenhower: Commanded the Allied forces in Europe Audie Murphy: most decorated soldier

Texans Respond Women’s Army Corps (WAC) commanded by Oveta Culp Hobby

Texans Respond Texans sacrificed during WWll by rationing sugar and planting victory gardens Cities conducted blackouts to protect against air attacks

Texans Respond To prevent German subs from attacking tankers in the Gulf of Mexico, scientists constructed underground pipelines

Population Boom Texas experienced population growth because of wartime employment opportunities War presented new employment opportunities for women & minorities

Holocaust Holocaust: Nazis’ mass murder of European Jews Jews were the chief victims of the Holocaust

Prisoners of War in Texas Many prisoner of war camps housed Japanese, German, and Italian prisoners Prisoners worked in agricultural.

GI Bill of Rights Returning soldiers were aided in getting a college education by the GI Bill of Rights

Axis Powers Conquered The U.S. left an army of occupation in axis territories after their defeat. Army of occupation: military force that remains in a conquered land

Post-WWll After WWll, the U.S. was committed to stopping the spread of communism

Communism Communism: political theory that includes eliminating private property After the war, Soviet Union set up communist dictatorships in North Korea and in Eastern Europe

Cold War The Cold War heated up when North Korea invaded South Korea Cold War: a time of smaller, localized hostilities. U.S. soon found itself again at war.

Good Luck on Your Test! Audie Murphy: most decorated soldier of World War ll, movie actor, author, hero