Political Geography Josh E. Breyanna C. Sapria G. Floyd J.

Colonies and the Concept of Colonization ColonyColonization A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state. Sovereign state runs military and foreign ties Also controls internal affairs Used by a majority of European states to control much of the world Promote Christianity Extract resources Establish relative power due to the number of colonies

Remaining Colonies Mainly located in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea Most populous is Puerto Rico ◦Citizens of U.S. ◦Do not participate in elections ◦Does not have a voting member of Congress Pitcairn is the least populated

Common State Shapes Elongated State: Has a long and narrow shape Potential Isolation Compact State: Ideally shaped like a circle Most efficient Prorupt State: Otherwise compact, with a large projecting extension Helps with access or disruption Fragmented State: Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory Hinders communication Perforated State: A state that completely surrounds another Must depend on surrounding state for imports and exports

Types of Boundaries Physical boundaries ◦Coincide with significant features of the natural landscape ◦Mountains, Deserts, Water Cultural boundaries ◦Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics ◦Geometric, Ethnic

Frontiers Refers to a zone where no state exercises complete political control. -Arabian Peninsula -Australian Outback

Differences between Unitary and Federal Governments Unitary Government: ◦Places most power in the hands of central government ◦France, England, Indonesia Federal Government: ◦Places power into local government within the country ◦Poland, U.S., Germany

Gerrymandering The process of redrawing electoral districts to give a particular party an advantage Named after Elbridge Gerry in 1812

Gerrymandering in Chicago

Supranational Organizations A world or regional organization that is not tied to one particular country Often has a direct role in regulation ◦European Union ◦United Nations ◦International Monetary Fund

Political and Military Cooperation: In What Ways Do States Cooperate With Each Other? Forming global organizations (such as the UN) to meet and vote on issues without resorting to war Economic Cooperation ◦European Union is a prime example

Terrorism Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population Also used to force a government into granting its demands ◦French Revolution ( ) ◦September 11 th attacks

State Support For Terrorism Some states in Southwest Asia (Middle East) have provided support for terrorism, at one (or more) of three levels: ◦Providing sanctuary for terrorists ◦Supplying money, weapons, and intelligence ◦Planning attacks

Examples of States that Support Terrorism

Stateless Nations A group of people, usually a minority ethnic group, that is considered as a nation, entitled to a state. ◦Kurds ◦Basques ◦Catalans