Chapter 15 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

US Land Acquisitions 1803-1853

15.2 The Louisiana Territory Farmers settling west of Appalachians wanted to float crops down Mississippi through port of New Orleans Louisiana Territory from Mississippi all the way to Rocky Mountains; owned by France Napoleon wanted to use land for French farmers

“A Noble Bargain” Two problems emerge for France Sold for $15 million France lost colonies in Caribbean; no need for Louisiana France and Great Britain on brink of war; did not want to lose land to British Sold for $15 million

The Purchase Debate Opponents of the purchase Impossible to govern such a large nation Did not have the money to buy Jefferson went beyond his Constitutional rights as president Ratified in Congress in 1803

Manifest Destiny The idea that the United States had the right/duty to expand westward in North America

15.3 Florida Spanish unwilling to sell Florida Southern farmers upset by Seminole raids Andrew Jackson enters Florida to protect farmers, creates problems Monroe sends message (advice from John Quincy Adams) “Govern Florida properly, or get out” Spain fearful of war, cedes Florida for $5 million Still keeps Texas

15.4 Texas Land of Texas valuable because of cotton Stephen F. Austin settles in Texas (then owned by Mexico) with “Old Three Hundred” Tensions between American settlers and Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent) Mexico closes Texas to US immigration Stephen F. Austin goes to plead with General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna; thrown in jail The Alamo Santa Anna kills 180 Texan volunteers; Davy Crockett Sam Houston draws Santa Anna east; surprise attack and Anna is captured Texas becomes independent Polk annexes Texas 10 years later

15.5 Oregon Country Great Britain vs. US for control Claimed by Lewis and Clark Early settlers were missionaries Pioneers followed when vast fertile land was discovered Polk did not want to risk war to claim territory Used the 49th parallel as a boundary

15.6 The Mexican-American War Polk’s main goal: expand US west Tensions rise after annexation of Texas Mexicans fire on US troops near Rio Grande, starting the Mexican-American War General Stephen Curry leads an army that occupies New Mexico Little to no opposition John C. Fremont rebels and takes over California Zachary Taylor leads troops into Mexico He and General Winfield Scott fight their way to Mexico City and seize capital Sign Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo giving them west of Texas, see map Bought land for $15 million and protected Mexicans living in lands

Chapter 16 Life in the West

16.2 Explorers Lewis and Clark Expedition Left in 1804 Contact Indians interested in trade Find the Northwest Passage Find out what the US got with Louisiana Purchase Up the Missouri River Made camp in North Dakota A fur trapper (Shoshone) joined with his wife Sacagawea To the Pacific and Back Reach Rockies in summer of 1805 Meet Sacagawea’s brother who provides them materials Reached Pacific in winter of 1805 Explorer’s legacy Mapped route to Pacific Established relations with Western Indians

16.3 The Californios Junipero Serra, Spanish missionary, looked to convert Indians to Catholicism Created missions from San Diego to San Francisco Missions to convert were deadly California came under Mexican control, turned land into ranchos Ranchos were massive, most important resource was cattle ranching US took California in war with Mexico

16.4 The Mountain Men Lewis and Clark reinvigorated the fur trade Adventurous men looking for money had to combat dangers Indians Bears Fur thieves Their adventures also helped explore/settle the West

16.5 Missionaries Indian group Nez Perce sent party to St. Louis about “black book” Missionaries set out on Oregon Trail to move west Difficulties but ultimately promise with conversion of Nez Perce chiefs Many Americans joined westward movement Brought with them weapons, tools and disease Missionaries were remembered for opening up the west to settlement

16.6 The Pioneer Women Women expected to do same work at home, on the trail Wash clothes, cook, take care of kids Women had to face dangers like disease, stampedes, Indian attacks All of these hardships helped changed status of women Many went on to teach Indians they encountered Women were strong and necessary to keep families together

16.7 The Mormons Brigham Young helped form settlement in modern day Utah Many Mormons were persecuted in the east, so moved west Young helps develop church while adapting to new environment First to occupy Great Basin; pioneered new farming and irrigation systems out west

16.8 The Forty-Niners Gold discovered in California, many rush West to find fortune Started in 1849, those who moved called forty-niners Settlers included Americans, Chinese, Australians, South Americans Most were men Due to huge increase in populations growth in… Mines Crime Prices Mining was very difficult and tedious After a few years, the gold dried up

16.9 The Chinese More than 20,000 Chinese had ventured across the Pacific to California Welcomed at first but as gold dried up and jobs were scarce they were persecuted Most stayed in US and helped develop West Mining Farming factories