Phylogeny Systematics Hypothesis Cladistics Derived character Cladogram Dichotomous Key Order Family Genus Species Common name Scientific name Binomial nomenclature Classification Taxonomy Aristotle Linnaeus Kingdom Phylum Class

Diversity of Life There are over 2.5 million identified species Some biologists believe there may be 20 million more that have not been discovered How can you possibly keep track of all of these?

Why do we need to classify? Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same aisle? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar? Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way?

….this is why we CLASSIFY When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items ….this is why we CLASSIFY Even websites must  organize their products

Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms The “common names” used by people  can sometimes be misleading or confusing In order to communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol. *Check out these slides of confusing names…..

Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?

Which one of these is NOT actually a bear? Photo Credits Panda: Chi King Koala: Belgianchocolate Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

Consider this……….. Are all “Grey Wolves” gray? Are all “Black Bears” black? Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth? Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of gray. Black bears can also be brown or gray A cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same animal – the names vary by region.

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Mountain Lion

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides. Common names vary according to region. Soooo……this is why we use a scientific name?

Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms Linnaeus to the Rescue! Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms Binomial Nomenclature is a system that gives each organism a two part scientific name For Example: Red Maple = Acer rubrum Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor Which is the genus? The species?

Classifying Organisms Once Linnaeus had come up with a system for naming organisms he started to group them Organisms were put into groups based on similar characteristics These groups are called Taxa and the science of naming and grouping is called Taxonomy

7 Layer Classification System Taxonomy uses a system of 7 levels of taxa The organisms in each Taxon become more closely related as you move down the ladder The Taxons in order of most general to most specific are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

Categories within Kingdoms Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species Species is unique Categories within Kingdoms

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

Understand how to identify which species are more closely related.

Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Photo by atomicshark

Check for Understanding on your paper

Check for Understanding A diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship is a ________________________ A characteristic that appears only in recent members is called a ________________ character The study of evolutionary relationships is called __________________________ A system to find the name of an unknown organism is a _______________________ key

Three Domain System     Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain each of the six kingdoms. Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria – lives in extreme conditions

3 Domain System

The Kingdoms There are currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms can be placed into one of those 6. Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria Number of cells – unicellular / multicellular How it obtains energy – autotroph / heterotroph Type of cell – prokaryote / eukaryote Cell Wall makeup – no / yes (chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan)

Heterotrophs must get energy by eating Terms to remember Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down.

Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food) Photo by Tambako the Jaguar Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food) Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, humans Photo by Eduardo Amorim

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic (can make own food; photosynthesis) Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus) Cellulose Cell Wall Photo by hira3

Kingdom Fungae Multicellular (most) Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers) Eukaryotic Chitin Cell Wall Photos by nutmeg66

Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic Most live in the water Eukaryotes (all have nucleus) Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae Most live in water Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

Kingdom EuBacteria & ArcheaBacteria Unicellular Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus) Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments

Classification of Living Things Kingdoms and Domains Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus

Practice Questions

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Practice Questions Knowledge of which of these is most important in classifying this new organism into a kingdom? F The color of light absorbed by the organism G The type of radiation emitted H The use of photosynthesis J The color of the organism Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism • Absorbs blue light • Emits infrared radiation • Contains RNA in nucleus • Appears as a red organism in full daylight • Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Practice Questions Knowledge of which of these is most important in classifying this new organism into a kingdom? F The color of light absorbed by the organism G The type of radiation emitted H The use of photosynthesis J The color of the organism Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism • Absorbs blue light • Emits infrared radiation • Contains RNA in nucleus • Appears as a red organism in full daylight • Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis Key phrase

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Practice Questions Knowledge of which of these is most important in classifying this new organism into a kingdom? F The color of light absorbed by the organism G The type of radiation emitted H The use of photosynthesis J The color of the organism Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism • Absorbs blue light • Emits infrared radiation • Contains RNA in nucleus • Appears as a red organism in full daylight • Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis Strategy: Think about ways biologist classify info: How they get energy, cell structure, etc. Key phrase

Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism Practice Questions Knowledge of which of these is most important in classifying this new organism into a kingdom? F The color of light absorbed by the organism G The type of radiation emitted H The use of photosynthesis J The color of the organism Characteristics of a Newly Discovered Organism • Absorbs blue light • Emits infrared radiation • Contains RNA in nucleus • Appears as a red organism in full daylight • Can obtain nutrition through photosynthesis Taxonomy uses characteristics of the organism, such as how the organism obtains energy, in classifying.