Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? TAXONOMY CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE Image from:

Aristotle’s system Based on size of stem PLANTS: Based on where they lived ANIMALS: By: Riedell

Problems? 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s 2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi Images from:

Problems? 2. Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: Image from:

Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal Image from:

Problems? 4. Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from:

Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo- mucronatis PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles ” Names don’t show relationships between different animals

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) ( ) MORPHOLOGY Image from:

Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ HIERARCHY SCIENTIFIC NAME

Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

Kidspiration by Riedell

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ –Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. GENUS NAME SPECIES IDENTIFIER UNDERLINED ITALICS

Binomial Nomenclature Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: Image from:

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from:

So what do we use now? Still use Linnaeus’s system: but we have added more _____________ KINGDOMS Remember: Linnaeus only had 2. MODERN TAXONOMY

Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution

MODERN TAXONOMY Fossil record Morphology Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: 1.______________________ 2.______________________ 3.______________________ 4.______________________ 5.______________________ Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & proteins)

1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.

2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from:

MORPHOLOGY _________________ characteristics: same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________ HOMOLOGOUS Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________. Bat wing & human arm Recent common ancestor

Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from:

MORPHOLOGY ANALOGOUS ______________ characteristics: may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin EX: _______________________ Bird wing & butterfly wing ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately. Organisms ________________________. NOT CLOSELY RELATED

Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. Insects and birds NOT closely related! ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid Even differences show relatedness

3. EMBRYOLOGY Image from: Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships. Human: Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science, published by Kendall/Hunt.

Even differences show relatedness Human: Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science, published by Kendall/Hunt. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.

____________________ All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE

2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE... suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → → →

_________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region... suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? → EXTRA CENTROMERE

________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 BANDING PATTERN MATCHES

5. MACROMOLECULES Compare molecules like _________________ _________________ Organisms with similar sequences are probably more closely related. PROTEINS (amino acids) DNA See page

So what do we use now? _________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence 6 KINGDOMS EubacteriaArchaebacteria Protista PlantaeFungi Animalia Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a _______________________ PHYLOGENETIC TREE Image from:

So what do we use now? _____________ CLADISTICS Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________ “shared derived characters” OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:

CLADISTICS Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________ CLADOGRAM Image from:

3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Bacteria Archaea Eukarya RIBOSOMES OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: So what do we use now?

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION) Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Phyla Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; construct an original dichotomous key. High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: tell how DNA determines protein formation; classify organisms using a dichotomous key. describe the relationship between structure and function High school students performing at the BASIC level recognize that different structures perform different functions; identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code Know the purpose of a dichotomous key

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.3A. Students are able to explain how gene expression regulates cell growth and differentiation. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: Tissue formation Development of new cells from original stem cells 9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

Kidspiration by Riedell Image sources: see end of show

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