Vietnam War

Early History Chinese refer to area as Nam Viet Chinese refer to area as Nam Viet 111 B.C. to 939 A.D – China ruled over Vietnam and the Vietnamese constantly fought their rule 111 B.C. to 939 A.D – China ruled over Vietnam and the Vietnamese constantly fought their rule 939 A.D. to 1887 – semi-independence from China and allowed for Vietnamese culture to grow 939 A.D. to 1887 – semi-independence from China and allowed for Vietnamese culture to grow

French enter the picture – Why? Hoping to secure land and sea bases from Europe to Asia Hoping to secure land and sea bases from Europe to Asia Competing with British for colonial possessions Competing with British for colonial possessions Trying to convert area to Catholicism Trying to convert area to Catholicism French signed treaty in 1887 creating Indochina French signed treaty in 1887 creating Indochina

WWII Vietnamese resist Japanese control over the area Vietnamese resist Japanese control over the area Office of Strategic Services (OSS) works with Ho Chi Minh to rescue downed allied pilots Office of Strategic Services (OSS) works with Ho Chi Minh to rescue downed allied pilots War ends and Ho issues Declaration of Independence and at the same time French reassert control War ends and Ho issues Declaration of Independence and at the same time French reassert control

First Indochina War Truman has a choice? Truman has a choice? - Ho Chi Minh - Ho Chi Minh -French rule as colonial power -French rule as colonial power French use fear of communism saying that if they lost Indochina then they would be too weak and their government would fall to French Communist party French use fear of communism saying that if they lost Indochina then they would be too weak and their government would fall to French Communist party 1952, US supplied 1/3 of French military budget 1952, US supplied 1/3 of French military budget

Siege of Dien Bien Phu

Siege French want to create a fortress and battle enemy in one of attrition French want to create a fortress and battle enemy in one of attrition Viet Minh bring in 40,000 additional troops around Dien Bien Phu and put it to a siege Viet Minh bring in 40,000 additional troops around Dien Bien Phu and put it to a siege Lasts from March 1954 to May when the French surrendered Lasts from March 1954 to May when the French surrendered French- 3,000 killed and Viet Minh – 8,000 killed French- 3,000 killed and Viet Minh – 8,000 killed

Why they lost? 1. They are French 2. Monsoon weather did not allow ofr successful supply drops 3. Too far from supply base 4. Viet Minh held the high ground 5. Did not bomb Viet Minh positions with significant aircraft

Geneva Conference Split Vietnam along 17 th parallel Split Vietnam along 17 th parallel Called for elections to unite country in 1956 (Diem worried Ho would fix elections but North had greater population – not necessary) Called for elections to unite country in 1956 (Diem worried Ho would fix elections but North had greater population – not necessary) Withdrawal of French Union Forces from Indochina Withdrawal of French Union Forces from Indochina Leader in the North – Ho Chi Minh Leader in the North – Ho Chi Minh Leader in the South – Ngo Dinh Diem Leader in the South – Ngo Dinh Diem

Democratic Republic of Vietnam AKA – North Vietnam Leader – Ho Chi Minh – led anti-colonial forces from 1945 to his death in 1969 Leader – Ho Chi Minh – led anti-colonial forces from 1945 to his death in 1969 Vo Nguyen Giap – commander of all military forces in North Vietnam from 1945 to 1973 Vo Nguyen Giap – commander of all military forces in North Vietnam from 1945 to 1973 Le Duan – took over control of North Vietnam after death of Ho Chi Minh Le Duan – took over control of North Vietnam after death of Ho Chi Minh Pham Van Dong – skillfull diplomat Pham Van Dong – skillfull diplomat

Leaders

North Vietnam Organizations Viet Minh (NVA) – organization of committed communists founded in 1941 Viet Minh (NVA) – organization of committed communists founded in 1941 Viet Cong (VC) – opposition communist group in South Vietnam committed to overthrowing Diem government Viet Cong (VC) – opposition communist group in South Vietnam committed to overthrowing Diem government Lao Dong Party - name of communist party organization Lao Dong Party - name of communist party organization

The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) Ngo Dinh Diem – worked with the US as Prime Minister of South Vietnam. His policies would alienate many South Vietnam people Ngo Dinh Diem – worked with the US as Prime Minister of South Vietnam. His policies would alienate many South Vietnam people Duong Van Minh - military General of the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) Duong Van Minh - military General of the South Vietnamese army (ARVN)

Diem’s policies Sought harsh methods to root out communists at the village and city level Sought harsh methods to root out communists at the village and city level Tru Gian – Viet Minh organization devoted to political assassinations Tru Gian – Viet Minh organization devoted to political assassinations -1959, 1,000 assassinations -1959, 1,000 assassinations - ignored the corrupt and inefficient officials - ignored the corrupt and inefficient officials

Ho Chi Minh’s trouble a poorly executed plan nearly resulted in famine a poorly executed plan nearly resulted in famine The five-year plan The five-year plan failed Overall Goal of Ho - wants to unite North and South into one communist country and expel US – use NVA and VC

Eisenhower and Vietnam Sent military equipment and financial aid to France Sent military equipment and financial aid to France 1955 set up Military Assistance advisory Croup – Vietnam (MAAGV) worked as military advisors in training ARVN – capped at set up Military Assistance advisory Croup – Vietnam (MAAGV) worked as military advisors in training ARVN – capped at 342 Tried to work with French in the South unitl they left in 1956 Tried to work with French in the South unitl they left in 1956 Domino theory increases US interests in Vietnam Domino theory increases US interests in Vietnam

Eisenhower and Vietnam Sent Ed Lansdale to support Diem and counter coups against him Sent Ed Lansdale to support Diem and counter coups against him State Department representative Collins does not support Diem State Department representative Collins does not support Diem

Eisenhower and Vietnam By end of of 2 nd term Eisenhower increased military advisors to 700 By end of of 2 nd term Eisenhower increased military advisors to 700 Also sent more military men in civilian clothes to get around cap on foreign military troops in Vietnam Also sent more military men in civilian clothes to get around cap on foreign military troops in Vietnam

Kennedy and Vietnam 1960 campaign vowed to be strong on communism 1960 campaign vowed to be strong on communism Kennedy believed in exporting democracy and capitalism to stop spread of communism Kennedy believed in exporting democracy and capitalism to stop spread of communism Knowing this Diem screams “Communists!” and gets more aid from Kennedy Knowing this Diem screams “Communists!” and gets more aid from Kennedy

Increasing aid Diem request enough aid for a 270,000 men ARVN force Diem request enough aid for a 270,000 men ARVN force Increased VC activity leads to Diem’s call for US combat troops Increased VC activity leads to Diem’s call for US combat troops Kennedy sends General Taylor and Walt Rostow Kennedy sends General Taylor and Walt Rostow

Two policies to choose from Increase military advisors and support units of pilots and helicopters Increase military advisors and support units of pilots and helicopters Also, send 8,000 combat soldiers to help with humanitarian relief Also, send 8,000 combat soldiers to help with humanitarian relief Send six divisions numbering 200,000 soldiers to Vietnam Send six divisions numbering 200,000 soldiers to Vietnam Shows commitment to Vietnam Shows commitment to Vietnam

Counterinsurgency Green Berets

Winning the “hearts and minds” Building schools Building schools Providing medical assistance Providing medical assistance Improving irrigation and roads Improving irrigation and roads Protecting Vietnamese peasants from the Viet Cong Protecting Vietnamese peasants from the Viet Cong Colin Powell was an advisor during these years Colin Powell was an advisor during these years VC VC -taxing them -taxing them -Drafting their young men into service -Drafting their young men into service -Terrorizing them -Terrorizing them

Assassination of Diem Ruled as a virtual dictator Ruled as a virtual dictator Gave preference to Catholics in government positions, and giving land Gave preference to Catholics in government positions, and giving land Hamlet programs were a disaster Hamlet programs were a disaster Banned the display of Buddhist flags (90% of country was Buddhist) Banned the display of Buddhist flags (90% of country was Buddhist)

Kennedy and the Vietnam war Increased advisors from 700 to 16,000 Increased advisors from 700 to 16,000 Ordered withdrawal of 1,000 advisors Ordered withdrawal of 1,000 advisors Diem coup created revolving door governments and great instability Diem coup created revolving door governments and great instability