When to Cite Sources??? When copying, word for word, a passage from your sources, it must be put in quotation marks and properly credited. When your quotation is longer than 3 lines, it must be indented, without quotation marks and single spaced. When copying a number of words (not necessarily an entire sentence) from a source or a book, this passage must be put in quotation marks and credited. When paraphrasing a passage or sentence from one of your sources, the paraphrase must be properly cited. Even if you switch the words and sentence structure around considerably, the passage is still considered a paraphrase and credit must be given to its author. When using an idea, conclusion, framework, thesis, structure, or theory from a source, it must be properly credited.

How to cite sources? Footnotes Bibliography Sophie Quinn-Judge, Ho Chi Minh – The Missing Years, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 145. Ralph Bernard Smith, “The Foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party, 1929-1930”, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32, no. 4 (October 1998), p. 785. Ralph Bernard Smith, “The Foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party, 1929-1930”, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32, no. 4 (October 1998), p. 785, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026- 749X%28199810%2932%3A4%3C769%3ATFOTIC%3E2.0.CO %3B2-I (accessed on March 26, 2008) Bibliography Quinn-Judge, Sophie. Ho Chi Minh – The Missing Years. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Smith, Ralph Bernard. “The Foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party, 1929-1930”. Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32, no. 4 (October 1998), pp. 769-805. Smith, Ralph Bernard. “The Foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party, 1929-1930”. Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32, no. 4 (October 1998), pp. 769-805. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026- 749X%28199810%2932%3A4%3C769%3ATFOTIC%3E2.0.CO %3B2-I (accessed on March 26, 2008)

What about facts? Facts must be credited to the source from which you got them, unless they are well known. Facts that are usually not “well known” tend to have the following: Detailed information Numbers Contradictions Available in only one source Quotes ***if you’re not sure, CITE IT!!!***

Example After the American attacks on Japan in August 1945, the Vietnamese people saw this event as an opportunity to reclaim their independence from the French and the Japanese. On September 2nd, 1945, in front of a crowd of close to one million people reunited in Ba Dinh Square, Ho Chi Minh stood in front of his people and pronounced the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.1 Ho Chi Minh started his speech by quoting a passage from the Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 stating that “All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights”.2 The new Vietnamese president added that: For more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice. […] They have built more prisons than schools. […] To weaken our race they have forced us to use opium and alcohol.3 William Duiker, renowned specialist in 20th century Vietnamese History, suggests that Ho Chi Minh’s declaration was “short and to the point” adding that Ho Chi Minh concluded it by asking his fellow countrymen if they understood what he had just said which immediately led to a resounding “yes”.4 [1] David G. Marr, “Ho Chi Minh’s Independence Declaration”, Essays in Vietnamese Pasts (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 222. [2] Ho Chi Minh, “Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam”, September 2, 1945 in On Revolution – Selected Writings, 1920-66, ed. Bernard B. Fall (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), p. 143. [3] Ibid., p. 144 [4] William J. Duiker, The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam, second edition (Colorado: Westview Press, 1996), p. 104.

Please visit the following websites: UOttawa History Department Essay Writing Guide: www.history.uottawa.ca/PDF/HISTORY_ESSAY_GUIDE.pdf Chicago Manual of Style Online: www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html UOttawa Plagiarism www.uottawa.ca/plagiarism.pdf