Russian Civil War Causes? Bolsheviks had limited support – SR’s had more Landowners wanted their land back Kadets wanted democratic organisation Foreign countries wanted Russian support to end WWI Nationalists wanted independence These all formed a coalition of the “Whites” led by Denikin, Yudenich and Kolchak White problems? Unity, aims and propaganda Geography and language Leadership Red strength? Propaganda – defending Russia Trotsky and the Red Army Lenin and War Communism Unity and aims Impact of war? Devastation and famine all over the country Industrial production down Empire reduced Exam Question: Explain why Bolsheviks won/Whites lost How useful is this source?

War Communism Why? Supply and feed the Red army What? Nationalised industries of 10 workers of more Requisitioned grain Impact? Kulaks were angry and produced less Starvation – 5 million died in 1921 Strikes and mutinies – squashed by Trotsky’s Red Guard New Economic Policy (NEP) So? Mutiny by Kronstadt sailors was the “flashlight that lit up reality” Needed to re-establish popular support – March 1921 NEP What? End of grain seizures Peasants able to sell produce Smaller industries privatised Production increased Exam Question: Explain how the Bolsheviks won back support after the Civil War Grain (million tonnes) Electricity (million kWhs) Coal (million tonnes)29927 Steel (million tonnes)40.23

Successes and Failures of Gustav Stresemann Who? Chancellor August to November 1923 – then Foreign Minister until 1929 Economic hero? New currency – Rentenmark Ended passive resistance Defeated Munich Putsch Dawes Plan 1924 – loans from USA (800m gold marks) and reparations reduced to what Germany could afford Young Plan 1929 – extend reparations repayment to Reduced to £2.2billion Faced opposition Wall Street Crash – reparations cancelled in 1932 Foreign friend? Regain foreign trust and trade Aimed to improve relations to negotiate Eastern borders Locarno Treaty 1925 – impose Western borders. Defensive and offensive impact League of Nations 1926 – permanent member of its Council Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 – use diplomacy, not war, to negotiate deals Political stability? Extremist parties had less popularity Ebert replaced as President by Hindenburg Cultural impact? New plays, operas, openness and creativity – traditional backlash Exam Question: To what extent did Germany recover between ? Explain achievements – general and foreign

Challenges to Weimar Problems at birth? Diktat – “November Criminals” President could run country (Article 48) and appoint Chancellor Proportional representation – no one party in power Spartacist challenge? Communist group wanting to follow Russian example January 1919 – uprising led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht Crushed by Freikorps (R/W military group). Then, Ebert ordered the Freikorps to destroy Soviet Republic in Munich Freikorps response? Gained popularity and confidence after being used by the government So? March 1920 – Wolfgang Kapp 5000 Freikorp marched on Berlin Government fled, but called a General Strike Kapp’s government collapsed after 4 days Hitler’s moment? 8 th /9 th November 1923 – Pressured Bavarian government Support from Ludendorf Marched on Bavarian government, but stopped by police Arrested and imprisoned in Landsberg Prison Wrote Mein Kampf Exam Question: Source suggest about THREAT Explain consequences of Munich Putsch for the Nazis.

Stalin consolidate control Brutality? NKVD created in 1934 – ensure no criticism of Communism Equality? 1936 Constitution – written to Bukharin and declared the “most democratic in the world” Guaranteed people their rights Supreme Soviet to be elected BUT, only met twice a year and Communists only Stalin had real control Purge? Why? Stalin was insecure, especially around old Bolsheviks Good way of excusing failure Nationalism and loyalty increased What happened? Started with murder of Kirov in December 1934 Kamenev and Zinoviev then arrested – conspiracy Show Trials Organised to justify purging of Old Bolsheviks 1936 – 14 Bolsheviks killed NKVD (Yagoda), Communist Party members all on trial Then what? Great Terror – around 12 million civilians Inspired fear and “snitching” culture Surely not the army too? 1937 – military coup – executed 75/80 members of Supreme Military Council ½ the officers were shot, including most generals Weakened army – Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 Exam Question: Explain the impact of Purges/Terror How did Stalin use “X” to consolidate his power? NEED TO KNOW: Difference between Terror and Purges

Opposition to Hitler Catholics Von Galen – opposed euthanasia. Goebbels told Hitler not to arrest him Niemoller – opposed Third Reich Church and set up “Confessing Church”. Arrested Pope – “With Burning Concern” was read in Catholic Churches The White Rose Movement Munich students (Sophie Scholl) who produced 6 pamphlets against the Nazis. Arrested and executed Edelweiss Pirates “Swing” groups – rejecting Nazi values Edelweiss Pirates more violent – beat up Nazis Killed Gestapo officer in Cologne in 1944 – 12 hung for it Kreisau Circle Middle Class/educated group - professionals Planning for removal of Hitler and the future of Germany Von Stauffenburg bomb plot – 1944 Operation Valkyrie Chief of Staff to Nazi General July 20 th – Wolf’s Lair, attempted to blow up Hitler Failed, arrested and executed Things to note: Varied social groups, numbers, methods, success Exam Question: New topic – no questions. Explain how people opposed the Nazis Opposition to the Nazis was unsuccessful. Do you agree?

Dien Bien Phu and US escalation ( ) What? French defeated at Dien Bien Phu by Ho Chi Minh Divide along 17 th parallel into North (Communist) and South Vietnam (not communist – supported by USA’s “Domino Theory”) Economic aid and military advice provided Vietminh – N. Vietnamese Communists led by Minh Vietcong – “VC” were S. Vietnamese Communists (1960) Then what? 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin North Vietnamese Navy fires upon US ship off of N. Vietnam. Maybe, we think, definitely, not. USA use this as an excuse to “up the ante” - LBJ US de-escalation ( ) Peace talks started in US want S. Vietnam independence, N. Vietnam want S. Vietnam to be free from “foreign” influence – unite? Nixon hoped to pressure N. Vietnam by bombing Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos and Cambodia – led to Kent State protest 1972 – “Madman Theory” Nixon could use nuclear bombs, so discuss peace Christmas 1972, huge bombing campaign, Jan 1973, Paris Peace talks resume – signed by N. Vietnam and USA April 1973 – no US troops left, P-O-W’s released, N. Vietnamese to recognise S. Vietnamese government, referendum on unification in the future Exam Question: Explain why the USA withdrew from Vietnam by 1973.