Bourgeois Culture -Key Concepts-

I. Taming the City

A. The Problems Crowded Conditions Lack of Sanitation Facilities Lack of Public Transportation Slow Governmental Response Dirt and Filth Taken for Granted

B. The Public Health Movement Father of Reform: Edwin Chadwick Disease and death were responsible for poverty, not necessarily laziness His “Sanitary Idea” Key to Solution = adequate supply of clean, piped water England’s first public health law (1848)

C. The Bacterial Revolution Miasmatic Theory of Disease Germ Theory of Disease Breakthrough by Louis Pasteur German doctor Robert Koch experiments with cultures of bacteria Joseph Lister’s “Antiseptic Principle”

D. Mass Public Transportation European cities were a maze of narrow, dark streets Private horse-drawn streetcars (1870’s) Electric streetcars (1890’s)

D. Mass Public Transportation (cont) Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain carried 6.7 billion riders on electric streetcars by 1910 Public transportation increased access to improved housing— away from the center of the city

E. A Huge Gap Between the Rich and the Poor Real wages of British workers doubled between 1850 and % of British population owned and earned less than the top 20% in the late 19 th century Society was not divided into two sharply divided, opposing social classes Myriad of sub-classes between the very rich and the very poor

II. Middle Class Culture

A. A “Confederation” of Middle Classes “Upper” Middle Class: Bankers, Industrialists, and Commercial Magnates This group intermarried with the aristocracy “Middle” Middle Class: Engineers, Architects, Managers, etal. “Lower” Middle Class: Small Businessmen, Store Managers, Clerks

B. Style of Life Food: Largest household budget item Servants: Sure Sign of Middle Class status and Second largest household budget item Housing: preferred to rent and live in apartments Clothing and Education Shared code of morality and behavior

C. Family Life

(1) Premarital-Sexuality and Marriage Triumph of ideal of Romantic Love Couples come from different towns more often Older men often married younger women Double-standard in teen virginity “Illegitimacy Explosion”: By 1900, pregnancy meant marriage

(2) Prostitution Paris: 155,000 registered prostitutes between ; 750,000 others suspected “Pure” wives seen only in monetary and social terms For poor women, prostitution was often a stage in life like domestic service

(3) Role of Women “Doctrine of the Two Spheres” Women had no legal identity Founding of Feminist Organizations Informal control of the home belonged to women

(3) Role of Women (cont) Increased emotional importance of “home” -- “Home, Sweet Home” first sung in the 1870’s -- “Motto Strips” in homes Stronger emotional ties to husbands

(4) Child-Rearing Deepening emotional ties between mother and tiny infants Greater concern for older children as well Declining birthrates in the 19 th century ’s = 6 children ’s = 4 children ’s = 2-3 children

(4) Child-Rearing (cont) Over concern for kids was an “emotional pressure cooker” Supposed tense and complicated relationship between a father and his children --Dostoevsky’s Brothers Karamazov

III. Vienna and the Ringstrasse Symbol of Middle Class Power—a Ring Street replaces a Wall “Period Revivalism” on the Boulevard The Buildings on the Boulevard --The University: Renaissance Style --Parliament Building: Classical Greek Style

III. The Ringstrasse (cont) --The City Hall: Gothic Style --The Burgtheatre: Baroque Style Residential Area: Middle Class Haunt A Contemporary View “Promenading the Ring” --World’s Fair in Vienna in 1873 Cafes and Beer Halls

III. The Ringstrasse (cont) Freud’s Vienna --The Interpretation of Dreams Anti-Semitism in Vienna Architectural Criticism of the Ringstrasse --Search for “Modern Style” Gustav Klimt and “Art Nouveau”

IV. The Paris of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

A. Napoleon’s Rise to Power Significance of his name Elected President of France in a Landslide Victory in 1848 Positive Economic Program for France Duty to provide jobs and stimulate economy Coup d’etat in 1851 Becomes Emperor Napoleon III (1852)

B. Designing a New Imperial Capital The Paris of 1850: very crowded Georges Haussmann A response to severe urban problems --570,000 to 3 million people: The “Paris Cross” Appearance of the Boulevards

B. A New Imperial Capital (cont) Demolition of old slums and narrow streets Preventing future “barricades” Changes the Geographic Social Structure “The Red Belt” Parks and modern sanitation systems Haussmann’s design was very controversial

B. A New Imperial Capital (cont) Life on the Boulevards The “Boulevardier” Impressionism and middle class subjects -- “The Swing” (Renoir) -- “Young Girls at the Piano” (Renoir) -- “Girls in the Garden” (Monet)

B. A New Imperial Capital (cont) Shopper’s “Mecca” of Europe Role of the Department Store --Bon Marche’ --White Sales

B. A New Imperial Capital (cont) “Montmarte”: A Symbol of Rejection --Great Hill north of Paris --Le Chat Noir --Moulin Rouge --Can-Can Dancing scandalized proper society

B. A New Imperial Capital (cont) The Eiffel Tower: Monument to Modernity --International Exposition of Gustave Eiffel --beauty in its pure engineering form --International Exposition of The “Metro”

V. The Revolution of 1871 and the “Paris Commune”