Medical Terminology – Lecture 3 Body Structure Body Structure Dr. Alberta Paul 26 February, 2015 liesbethcelebi@yahoo.com

Objectives Objectives After this lecture, you will be able to: Define the elements of human body structure Describe the planes of the body Locate the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity Recognize the combining forms that relate elements and systems of the body

Body Structure and Organization The body is organized from its smallest element, the cell, to the collection of systems. Entire Body  Organs  Tissues  Systems  Cells 

Body Structure and Organization Cells  The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. Structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life. Vary in size, shape, and function. Need nutrients, water, and oxygen to live and function.

Body Structure and Organization Cells There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not. Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled organisms, while eukaryotic cells can be either single-celled or part of multicellular organisms. The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.

Body Structure and Organization Cells The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization:  the presence of membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus Other differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.

Components of animal cells

Body Structure and Organization Tissues Groups of similar cells combined to perform a common function are called tissues. Several types of Tissues (see next slide) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nervous Tissue

Body Structure and Organization Tissues Source: © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Body Structure and Organization Tissues Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which are the cells that conduct signals, and supporting neuroglial cells such as microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Neuron - Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon. Nerve - Bundle of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system. Neuroglial Cell - One of several types of cells found in nervous tissue that supports, protects, and nourishes neurons.

Body Structure and Organization Organs Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called organs. lungs Organ Examples: kidney brain

Body Structure and Organization Systems Source:

Musculoskeletal System Body Structure and Organization Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement. Consists of: Muscles (skeletal) Bones Cartilage Tendons/Ligaments

Cardiovascular System Body Structure and Organization Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Pumps and transports blood throughout the body. Blood carries nutrients and removes waste from tissues. Consists of: Heart Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) Blood

Body Structure and Organization Respiratory System Performs respiration Consists of the lungs and the trachea and other breathing tubes

Body Structure and Organization Nervous System Nervous System Regulates most of the body’s activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs. Consists of : Peripheral Nerves Brain Spinal Cord

Part of excretory system Body Structure and Organization Urinary System Urinary System Part of excretory system Eliminates metabolic waste Helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance Helps regulate blood pressure Consists of: Kidneys Bladder Ureters Urethra

Body Structure and Organization Reproductive System Controls reproduction and heredity. Male Structures Female Structures testes penis prostate gland vas deferens seminal vesicles ovaries vagina uterine tubes uterus mammary glands

Blood System Body Structure and Organization Blood System (official not a system) Blood transports nutrients and waste to and from body tissues. The main components of blood include: Plasma (contains ….) Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leucocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes)

Body Structure and Organization Lymphatic and Immune System Consists of: Lymph (fluid in lymph system) Lymphatic Vessels Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus and Bone Marrow White blood cells = Leucocytes (many different types)

Body Structure and Organization Lymphatic and Immune System

Body Structure and Organization

http://youtu.be/0TvTyj5FAaQ http://youtu.be/JnlULOjUhSQ http://youtu.be/jgJKaP0Sj5U Cancer cells attack http://youtu.be/C6YuBh-wAPQ

http://youtu.be/Rpj0emEGShQ Flu attacks our body

Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste Body Structure and Organization Digestive System Digestive System Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, gallbladder, liver, intestines,pancreas, stomach, colon)

Body Structure and Organization Digestive System

Body Structure and Organization Endocrine System pituitary Endocrine System parathyroid Includes the glands that secrete hormones for the regulation of several body activities. thyroid Adrenal glands pancreas testes ovaries

Endocrine System

(besides hearing and sight) Body Structure and Organization Sensory System Sensory System Includes the eyes and ears and those other parts of other systems involved in the generating the other senses: touch, taste, smell (besides hearing and sight)

Body Structure and Organization Body Cavities Dorsal (back side of the body) Ventral (front side of the body) Separated by diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity Lower portion of the abdominal cavity is called the pelvic cavity Consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Body Structure and Organization Cranial cavity Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Body Structure and Organization Body Cavities

Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Directional terms describe a portion or position of the body. superior (top or above) posterior (back) anterior (front) medial (middle) lateral (side) inferior (below)

Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Part 2 For examination purposes, patients are either lying face up (supine) or face down (prone).

Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Planes of the Body Frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. Sagittal is the lateral position. Medial or midsagittal divides the body into right and left halves. Transverse divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Quadrants of the Body Quadrants of the Body Abdominopelvic Quadrants Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions Regions of the Body Regions of the Body Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Right inguinal (iliac) region Right lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal (iliac) region

Combining Forms [acetabul (o)] Meaning acetabul(o) aden(o) adip(o) alveol(o) angi(o) arthr(o) aur(i) cup-shaped hip socket gland fat air sac, alveolus vessel joint; articulation ear

Combining Forms [blephar (o)] Meaning blephar(o) brachi(o) bucc(o) calcane(o) celi(o) cephal(o) cheil(o) eyelid arm cheek heel bone abdomen head lip

Combining Forms [chir (o)] Meaning chir(o) chol(e) dactyl(o) dent(i) encephal(o) enter(o) gingiv(o) hand bile fingers, toes tooth brain intestines gum

Combining Forms [gloss (o)] Meaning gloss(o) gnath(o) hidr(o) ile(o) ili(o) labi(o) lapar(o) tongue jaw sweat ileum ilium lip abdominal wall

Combining Forms [lip (o)] Meaning lip(o) my(o) ocul(o) odont(o) onych(o) oo oophor(o) fat muscle eye tooth nail egg ovary

Combining Forms [orchi (o),orchid (o)] Meaning orchi(o), orchid(o) ot(o) ped(o), pedi phleb(o) pil(o) pod(o) proct(o) testis ear foot; child vein hair foot anus

Combining Forms [psych (o), psyche] Meaning psych(o), psyche rachi(o) rhin(o) somat(o) trachel(o) trich(o), trichi vesic(o) mind spine nose body neck hair bladder

Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Koretta complains of abdominal pain. The emergency room physician suspects that she may have appendicitis. In which of the following quadrants is the appendix located? A. RUQ B. RLQ C. LUQ D. LLQ Answer: B. RLQ

Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 This patient is being examined. Which of the following positions is she in? A. Prone B. Supine Answer: B. Supine

Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Complete the following statements by adding the correct directional terms. The hands are to the elbows. distal The nose is to the face. medial The stomach is to the heart and to the intestines. inferior superior

Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 What are the opposites for the following directional terms? Answers deep posterior inferior supine lateral superficial anterior superior prone medial