Think about… 8.1 The transport system 8.2 The blood 8.3 The blood vessels 8.4 The heart 8.5 Blood circulation 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 8.7 Lymphatic system Recall ‘Think about…’ Summary concept map

Artificial blood The patient has lost a lot of blood. He needs blood transfusion.

Artificial blood donated blood blood donor

Artificial blood donated blood

Artificial blood artificial blood bacteria producing haemoglobin

1 What are the functions of blood in our body

2 What is haemoglobin What is its role in the body

3 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood Why

8.1 The transport system In our city: transport system to carry goods and people around

How are substances moved in organisms? 8.1 The transport system How are substances moved in organisms?

In very small organisms: 8.1 The transport system In very small organisms: O2 waste nutrients by diffusion

In multicellular organisms: 8.1 The transport system In multicellular organisms: substances need to move long distance by a transport system

human transport system 8.1 The transport system human transport system circulatory system (循環系統) lymphatic system (淋巴系統)

Human circulatory system 8.1 The transport system Human circulatory system blood carries nutrients and waste

Human circulatory system 8.1 The transport system Human circulatory system blood vessels (血管) distributed throughout the body

Human circulatory system 8.1 The transport system Human circulatory system heart as a pump to drive blood

8.1 The transport system 1 Humans are organisms. A is needed to carry substances from one place to another over long distances within the body. multicellular transport system

2 The human circulatory system consists of: 8.1 The transport system 2 The human circulatory system consists of: blood blood vessels heart

8.2 The blood What is the composition?

8.2 The blood Composition of blood centrifugation

8.2 The blood Composition of blood plasma blood cells

8.2 The blood 1 Plasma 90% water 10% soluble substances

1 Plasma 10% soluble substances - plasma proteins - nutrients - waste 8.2 The blood 1 Plasma 10% soluble substances - plasma proteins - nutrients - waste - respiratory gases - hormones

8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells

2 Blood cells blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Shape 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Shape Biconcave disc Irregular Small & irregular

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Nucleus Colour No Large No Red Colourless Colourless due to haemoglobin

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Size 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Size Small (7-8 μm)* Phagocyte: large (10-29 μm)* Lymphocyte: small (6-10 μm)* < red blood cells (1-4 μm)* * Diameter

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Number (/mm3) Function 5.4 million 7000 250 000 Carrying oxygen Killing germs Blood clotting by haemoglobin

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Made in Life span Bone marrow Bone marrow, spleen Bone marrow 120 days A few days A few days

2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets 8.2 The blood 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Break down in Liver and spleen Killed by germs; Passed out in faeces Liver and spleen

Examination of a blood smear 8.2 The blood 8.1 Examination of a blood smear 1 Examine a blood smear with a microscope.

2 Identify different blood cells. Draw high power diagrams of them. 8.2 The blood 8.1 2 Identify different blood cells. Draw high power diagrams of them. red blood cell phagocyte lymphocyte

3 Observe any differences between the blood cells. 8.2 The blood 8.1 3 Observe any differences between the blood cells.

What are the functions of blood? 8.2 The blood What are the functions of blood?

Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Red blood cells oxygen 8.2 The blood Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Red blood cells oxygen

Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Plasma carbon dioxide 8.2 The blood Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Plasma carbon dioxide nutrients urea hormones heat antibodies

Functions of blood 2 Protection against diseases Phagocyte 8.2 The blood Functions of blood 2 Protection against diseases Phagocyte engulfs and digests germs by phagoctosis

kill germs or neutralize toxins 8.2 The blood Functions of blood 2 Protection against diseases Lymphocyte produces antibodies kill germs or neutralize toxins

prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds 8.2 The blood Functions of blood 2 Protection against diseases Blood platelets help in blood clotting prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds

1 blood plasma blood cells blood platelet red blood cell 8.2 The blood 1 blood plasma blood cells blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell

2 Functions of blood: Plasma carries heat and dissolved substances 8.2 The blood 2 Functions of blood: Plasma carries heat and dissolved substances

2 Functions of blood: Red blood cells contain to carry oxygen 8.2 The blood 2 Functions of blood: Red blood cells contain to carry oxygen haemoglobin

2 Functions of blood: White blood cells protect us against diseases 8.2 The blood 2 Functions of blood: White blood cells protect us against diseases

2 Functions of blood: Blood platelets help in blood clotting 8.2 The blood 2 Functions of blood: Blood platelets help in blood clotting

Three types of blood vessels 8.3 The blood vessels Three types of blood vessels heart aorta venae cavae arteries veins arteries veins capillaries arterioles venules capillaries

capillary network (微血管網) 8.3 The blood vessels artery (動脈) arteriole (小動脈) venule (小靜脈) vein (靜脈) capillary network (微血管網)

8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins vein artery

Arteries and veins artery thin layer of fibrous tissue 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins thin layer of fibrous tissue thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue thicker wall artery smaller lumen

Arteries and veins vein thick layer of fibrous tissue 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins thick layer of fibrous tissue thin layer of muscles and elastic tissue thinner wall vein larger lumen

Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall? 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins artery vein Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall?

regulates amount of blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins thick muscular wall contracts and relaxes diameter changed regulates amount of blood flow

Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres? 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins artery vein Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres?

Arteries and veins when heart relaxes arteries recoil (反衝) 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins when heart relaxes arteries recoil (反衝) continuous blood flow

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Direction of blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Direction of blood flow Towards the heart Away from the heart vein artery

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Nature of blood Oxygenated 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Nature of blood Deoxygenated Oxygenated deoxygenated blood oxygenated blood (not in pulmonary vein and umbilical vein) (not in pulmonary artery and umbilical artery)

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Wall vein artery (fewer elastic fibres) 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Wall Thinner Thicker vein artery (fewer elastic fibres) (more elastic fibres)

large lumen (resistance ) 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Lumen Large Small large lumen (resistance ) small lumen

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Blood pressure 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Blood pressure Low High due to resistance in capillaries due to pumping of heart

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Force for blood flow contraction 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Force for blood flow Contraction of muscles Pumping of heart contraction pumping squeeze veins blood flow blood flow

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Presence of valves 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Presence of valves Present Absent except at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta prevent backflow of blood

Arteries and veins to heart 1 Muscles contract. vein valve 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins to heart 1 Muscles contract. vein valve 2 They press against the vein. muscle

Arteries and veins to heart 3 The vein is squeezed. 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins to heart 3 The vein is squeezed. 4 The blood is forced to flow.

Arteries and veins to heart 5 Muscles relax. 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins to heart 5 Muscles relax. 6 Valves prevent blood from flowing back.

Arteries and veins Vein Artery Location Close to body surface 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins Vein Artery Location Close to body surface Deep inside the body

Examination of the transverse sections of an artery and a vein 8.3 The blood vessels 8.2 Examination of the transverse sections of an artery and a vein 1 Examine the transverse sections of an artery and a vein with a microscope. artery vein

2 Draw labelled diagrams of the artery and the vein. 8.3 The blood vessels 8.2 2 Draw labelled diagrams of the artery and the vein. 3 Observe any structural differences between them.

capillary network (微血管網) 8.3 The blood vessels artery (動脈) arteriole (小動脈) venule (小靜脈) vein (靜脈) capillary network (微血管網)

Capillaries small lumen one-cell thick capillary wall 8.3 The blood vessels Capillaries small lumen one-cell thick capillary wall differentially permeable

8.3 The blood vessels Capillaries capillary wall outside inside

Capillaries outside inside 8.3 The blood vessels Capillaries outside inside small substances, e.g. O2, glucose and metabolic waste can pass through

 Capillaries outside inside 8.3 The blood vessels Capillaries  outside inside blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through

Adaptations 1 Capillary bed (微血管床) 8.3 The blood vessels Adaptations 1 Capillary bed (微血管床) large surface area for rapid exchange capillary bed

8.3 The blood vessels Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area

Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area capillary (T.S.) 8.3 The blood vessels Adaptations capillary (T.S.) 2 Large total cross-sectional area

Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area 8.3 The blood vessels Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area blood flows slowly to allow longer period of time for exchange

Adaptations 3 One-cell thick capillary wall 8.3 The blood vessels Adaptations 3 One-cell thick capillary wall short diffusion distance for rapid exchange one-cell thick capillary wall

Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin 8.3 The blood vessels 8.3 Video Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin 1 Wrap a small living fish in moist paper towels and put it in a Petri dish. Put a slide over the tail fin.

8.3 The blood vessels 8.3 2 Using low power magnification of a microscope or an image analysing device, observe the movement of blood in the capillary network in the tail fin. red blood cell

Results of observation 8.3 The blood vessels 8.3 Results of observation The blood flow in the capillary network is quite slow. The direction of flow is one way. Red blood cells have a similar diameter to that of the capillaries. red blood cell

Blood pressure pumping of heart: blood pressure blood pressure 8.3 The blood vessels Blood pressure pumping of heart: blood pressure  high & changes periodically blood pressure artery arteriole

Blood pressure narrow diameter: high resistance  blood pressure drops 8.3 The blood vessels Blood pressure narrow diameter: high resistance  blood pressure drops blood pressure artery capillary arteriole

Blood pressure long distance from heart: great friction 8.3 The blood vessels Blood pressure long distance from heart: great friction  blood pressure further drops blood pressure artery capillary vein arteriole venule

1 aorta arteries branches into branch into pumps blood into heart 8.3 The blood vessels 1 branches into aorta arteries branch into pumps blood into heart join to form drain blood into join to form

arterioles capillaries venules 8.3 The blood vessels branch into a network of arterioles capillaries (exchange of materials) venules join to form

1 aorta arteries venae cavae veins branches into branch into 8.3 The blood vessels 1 branches into aorta arteries branch into pumps blood into heart join to form drain blood into venae cavae veins join to form

2 Arteries: 2 carries blood oxygenated (except artery and artery) 8.3 The blood vessels 2 Arteries: 2 carries blood oxygenated (except artery and artery) pulmonary umbilical

8.3 The blood vessels 2 2 Arteries: wall contains thick layer of muscles to regulate the blood flow muscles elastic fibres recoil to maintain blood flow elastic

2 Veins: 2 carries blood deoxygenated (except vein and vein) pulmonary 8.3 The blood vessels 2 Veins: 2 carries blood deoxygenated (except vein and vein) pulmonary umbilical

2 Veins: 2 lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow large 8.3 The blood vessels 2 Veins: 2 lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow large present to prevent backflow of blood valves backflow blood flows in one direction

8.3 The blood vessels 2 Capillaries: 2 allows exchange of materials between blood and body cells exchange

2 Capillaries: 2 branching increases surface area for diffusion 8.3 The blood vessels 2 Capillaries: 2 branching increases surface area for diffusion surface area large total cross-sectional area cross-sectional blood flows slowly more time for material exchange

8.3 The blood vessels 2 Capillaries: 2 thick capillary wall provides short diffusion distance one-cell

3 Movement of blood: pumping action of the heart pumping action 8.3 The blood vessels 3 Movement of blood: In arteries: pumping action of the heart pumping action In veins: contraction of muscles lying next to the veins contraction

4 Blood pressure: high gradually drops a great due to narrow diameter 8.3 The blood vessels 4 Blood pressure: In arteries: high gradually In arterioles: drops In capillaries: a great due to narrow diameter drop

8.3 The blood vessels 4 Blood pressure: In veins: becomes even as the blood has overcome great friction and travelled a long distance lower friction

in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs 8.4 The heart 3D Model in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

8.4 The heart about the size of a fist (拳)

8.4 The heart weighs about 300 g

8.4 The heart surrounded by pericardium (圍心膜)

8.4 The heart mainly made up of cardiac muscles (心肌)

Structure of the heart right atrium (右心房) left atrium (左心房) 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart right atrium (右心房) left atrium (左心房) right ventricle (右心室) left ventricle (左心室)

Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery anterior vena cava 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery anterior vena cava pulmonary veins coronary artery posterior vena cava coronary vein

Structure of the heart coronary arteries (冠狀動脈) 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart coronary arteries (冠狀動脈) - receive blood from aorta - supply oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscles coronary veins (冠狀靜脈) - carry away carbon dioxide and waste

8.4 The heart Structure of the heart

Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle

Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins anterior vena cava posterior vena cava

Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve septum

8.4 The heart Structure of the heart septum prevents mixing of blood on the two sides deoxygenated blood oxygenated blood

Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle

8.4 The heart Atria thin muscular wall

Atria deoxygenated blood from head & arms anterior vena cava 8.4 The heart Atria deoxygenated blood from head & arms anterior vena cava

Atria pulmonary veins deoxygenated blood from head & arms 8.4 The heart Atria pulmonary veins deoxygenated blood from head & arms oxygenated blood from lungs posterior vena cava deoxygenated blood from legs & abdomen

Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle

8.4 The heart Ventricles thick muscular wall

Ventricles left ventricle has thicker muscular wall right left 8.4 The heart Ventricles left ventricle has thicker muscular wall right left

Ventricles right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle 8.4 The heart Animation Ventricles right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle pulmonary artery aorta rest of body lungs

Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve septum

8.4 The heart Heart valves

Heart valves tricuspid valve (3 flaps) bicuspid valve (2 flaps) aorta 8.4 The heart Heart valves tricuspid valve (3 flaps) bicuspid valve (2 flaps) aorta pulmonary artery semilunar valves

Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood into atria

Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve held by tough heart tendons (心腱索)

prevent valves from turning inside out 8.4 The heart Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve held by tough heart tendons (心腱索) prevent valves from turning inside out

Heart valves Semilunar valves 8.4 The heart Heart valves Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

Dissection and examination of a pig heart 8.4 The heart 8.4 Video Dissection and examination of a pig heart 1 Identify the left and right sides, the dorsal and ventral sides, and the major blood vessels of a pig heart.

8.4 The heart 8.4 2 Run water slowly into each of the four major blood vessels in turn. Observe what happens.

8.4 The heart 8.4 3 Cut the ventricles from the bottom into two halves horizontally. First along the left side, then along the middle and lastly along the right side. Remove the ventral halves of the ventricles. ventral side

8.4 The heart 8.4 4 Cut the atria into two halves to show the valves. Remove the ventral halves of the atria. Cut open the base of the pulmonary artery and identify the semilunar valves inside. pulmonary artery

8.4 The heart 8.4 5 Move the pulmonary artery sideways to the left. Then cut open the base of the aorta and identify the semilunar valves inside. aorta

Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 1 Cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously

Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 2 Ventricles have thick muscular wall

Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 3 Bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood

Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 4 Heart tendons prevent bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out

1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles. 8.4 The heart 1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles. The carry away carbon dioxide and other waste from the cardiac muscles. coronary arteries coronary veins

2 The heart consists of four chambers: 8.4 The heart 2 The heart consists of four chambers: left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle

2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood: 8.4 The heart 2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood: semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve

3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: 8.4 The heart 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry deoxygenated blood into the heart venae cavae

3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: 8.4 The heart 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs pulmonary artery

3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: 8.4 The heart 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry oxygenated blood into the heart pulmonary veins

3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: 8.4 The heart 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body aorta

pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環) 8.5 Blood circulation blood circulation pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環)

pulmonary circulation 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary artery pulmonary circulation aorta venae cavae pulmonary veins right left

all other parts of the body 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary artery systemic circulation aorta venae cavae pulmonary veins right left all other parts of the body

pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環) 8.5 Blood circulation blood circulation double circulation (雙循環) pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環)

1 Pulmonary circulation 8.5 Blood circulation 1 Pulmonary circulation 1 Right ventricle contracts.

1 Pulmonary circulation 8.5 Blood circulation 1 Pulmonary circulation pulmonary artery 2 Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.

1 Pulmonary circulation 8.5 Blood circulation 1 Pulmonary circulation 3 Gas exchange takes place. lungs

1 Pulmonary circulation 8.5 Blood circulation 1 Pulmonary circulation 4 Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium. pulmonary veins

body parts (except lungs) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation 1 Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle. body parts (except lungs)

body parts (except lungs) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation 2 Left ventricle contracts. body parts (except lungs)

body parts (except lungs) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation 3 Blood is pumped to all body parts (except the lungs). aorta body parts (except lungs)

body parts (except lungs) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation 4 Exchange of materials takes place, the blood becomes deoxygenated. body parts (except lungs)

body parts (except lungs) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation venae cavae 5 Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins. body parts (except lungs)

8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta

2 Systemic circulation head, neck, arms anterior vena cava 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation head, neck, arms anterior vena cava

8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta

2 Systemic circulation liver hepatic vein hepatic artery 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation liver hepatic vein hepatic artery

(nutrient-rich blood) 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation liver hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich blood) small intestine

2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta 1 After digestion, nutrient-rich blood is passed to liver through hepatic portal vein.

2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta 2 The blood then flows through hepatic vein and posterior vena cava to the heart.

1a In the pulmonary circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1a In the pulmonary circulation: The pumps deoxygenated blood through the to the lungs for gas exchange. right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs

1a In the pulmonary circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1a In the pulmonary circulation: The oxygenated blood flows through to the . pulmonary veins left atrium

1b In the systemic circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1b In the systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle . left ventricle

1b In the systemic circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1b In the systemic circulation: The left ventricle then pumps the blood through to all parts of the body except the lungs . aorta lungs

1b In the systemic circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1b In the systemic circulation: Exchange of materials takes place in the capillary bed. The blood becomes . deoxygenated

1b In the systemic circulation: 8.5 Blood circulation 1b In the systemic circulation: The deoxygenated blood returns to the through the . right atrium venae cavae

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place at capillaries

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place at capillaries How does it take place?

Exchange of materials plasma capillary red blood cell tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Exchange of materials plasma capillary red blood cell tissue fluid body cell

Exchange of materials oxyhaemoglobin O2 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Exchange of materials oxyhaemoglobin O2

Exchange of materials CO2 + H2O HCO3- nutrients, water O2 CO2 waste 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Exchange of materials nutrients, water CO2 + H2O HCO3- O2 CO2 waste

How is tissue fluid formed? 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Exchange of materials How is tissue fluid formed?

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid blood flow capillary arteriole tissue fluid body cells lymph capillaries (淋巴微管) venule

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid Arteriole end pressure of blood higher than pressure of fluid surrounding the body cells

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid outside inside some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid H2O minerals sugars fats hormones capillary wall

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid outside inside some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid WBC white blood cells squeeze through capillary wall

 Formation of tissue fluid outside inside 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid outside inside some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid  RBC platelets plasma proteins white blood cells squeeze through some are too large → remain in blood capillary wall

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid Venule end water potential of tissue fluid higher than water potential of blood

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid water in tissue fluid is drawn into capillaries by osmosis

Formation of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Formation of tissue fluid small amount of tissue fluid drains into lymph capillaries

Why are all body cells bathed in tissue fluid? 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Why are all body cells bathed in tissue fluid?

Importance of tissue fluid 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells Importance of tissue fluid 1 Provides a constant environment for the body cells 2 Serves as an important link for the exchange of materials between capillaries and body cells

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 1a At the capillaries, useful materials are forced out of the into the and then diffuse into the body cells. blood tissue fluid

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 1b Waste products from the body cells diffuse into the and then diffuse through the capillary wall into the . tissue fluid blood

8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 2 Blood pressure in the capillaries is than the pressure of fluid surrounding the body cells. Some plasma except plasma protein is forced out of the capillaries to form the tissue fluid. higher plasma protein

2 can squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid. 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 2 can squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid. White blood cells

What are lymph capillaries? 8.7 Lymphatic system capillary What are lymph capillaries? arteriole tissue fluid body cells lymph capillaries (淋巴微管) venule

part of lymphatic system capillary tissue fluid inside is called lymph (淋巴) arteriole tissue fluid body cells lymph capillaries (淋巴微管) venule

Components of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Components of lymphatic system lymph node (淋巴結) lymph vessel (淋巴管) group of lymph nodes

Components of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Components of lymphatic system lymph vessels join to two large veins, returning lymph into blood

1 Lymph capillaries and vessels 8.7 Lymphatic system 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels lymph capillaries are blind-ended join to form lymph vessels

1 Lymph capillaries and vessels 8.7 Lymphatic system 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels flow of lymph in lymph vessels ~ blood flow in veins contraction of muscles presence of valves

1 Lymph capillaries and vessels 8.7 Lymphatic system 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels to prevent backflow of lymph valve presence of valves

8.7 Lymphatic system 2 Lymph nodes at intervals along lymph vessels

2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel 8.7 Lymphatic system 2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel

2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel 8.7 Lymphatic system 2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel

Functions of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Functions of lymphatic system 1 Collects and returns excess tissue fluid to the blood

Functions of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Functions of lymphatic system 2 Protects us against diseases by white blood cells white blood cells

Functions of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Functions of lymphatic system 3 Transports lipids In the small intestine, lipids are absorbed into lacteals in the villi.

Functions of lymphatic system 8.7 Lymphatic system Functions of lymphatic system 3 Transports lipids In the small intestine, lipids are absorbed into lacteals in the villi. lacteal villus

1 Lymphatic system consists of: 8.7 Lymphatic system 1 Lymphatic system consists of: collects excess tissue fluid as lymph lymph capillary formed by joining lymph capillaries lymph vessels found at intervals along lymph vessels lymph nodes

8.7 Lymphatic system 2 Lymph is driven forwards inside lymph vessels by contraction of muscles surrounding the vessels. are also present in the lymph vessels to prevent backflow of lymph. 2 muscles Valves

3 Functions of lymphatic system: 8.7 Lymphatic system 3 Functions of lymphatic system: transports back to the blood tissue fluid

3 Functions of lymphatic system: 8.7 Lymphatic system 3 Functions of lymphatic system: filters out germs from lymph at lymph nodes

3 Functions of lymphatic system: 8.7 Lymphatic system 3 Functions of lymphatic system: transports from lacteals in intestinal villi to the blood lipids

1 What are the functions of blood in our body? Blood is the transport medium in our body. It is also important in protecting us against diseases.

2 What is haemoglobin? What is its role in the body? Haemoglobin in red blood cells acts as oxygen carriers.

3 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood? Why? Artificial blood consisting mainly of haemoglobin can carry oxygen to the organs. However, it cannot serve for other functions of blood, such as defence against diseases and blood clotting.

Transport in humans circulatory system lymphatic system heart blood is provided by circulatory system lymphatic system consists of heart blood blood vessels

blood plasma blood cells red blood cells white blood cells made up of plasma blood cells include red blood cells white blood cells blood platelets

lymphatic system lymph vessels lymph lymph nodes tissue fluid consists of lymph vessels lymph have swellings called formed from lymph nodes tissue fluid