Embedded system Jeff Lee Surwin Technologies, Inc.

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with Real-time computing constraints. A general-purpose computer, such as a Personal computer, is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of an end-user's needs.

Netgear DG632 ADSL Modem/Router 4 Microprocessor (AR7: combines a MIPS 32-bit RISC processor) 6 RAM 7 Flash memory

The labeled parts are as follows: 1. Telephone decoupling electronics (for ADSL). 2. Multicolour LED (displaying network status). 3. Single colour LED (displaying USB status). 4. Main processor, a TNETD7300GDU, a member of TI AR7 product line. 5. JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) test and programming port. 6. RAM, a single ESMT M12L64164A 8 MB chip. 7. Flash memory, obscured by sticker. 8. Power supply regulator. 9. Main power supply fuse. 10. Power connector. 11. Reset button. 12. Quartz crystal. 13. Ethernet port. 14. Ethernet transformer, Delta LF KS8721B ethernet PHY transmitter receiver. 16. USB port. 17. Telephone (RJ11) port. 18. Telephone connector fuses.

Some other examples: Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

History * One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems => Apollo Guidance Computer : Charles Stark Draper (MIT Instrumentation Laboratory ), early 1960s The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was an on-board digital computer installed in each Apollo program spacecraft, both the Command Module (CM) and the Lunar Module (LM). It provided onboard computation to support spacecraft guidance, navigation and control.

The Apollo flight computer was the first to use Integrated circuits (ICs). The Block I version used 4,100 ICs, each containing a single 3-input NOR logic gate. AGC software was written in AGC assembly Language RAM: 2K words ROM: 36K words Both had cycle times of micro-seconds. The memory word length : 16 bits, 15 bits of data and 1 odd-parity bit.

Apollo 1024 bit core memory module

LOGIC FLOW DIAGRAM MODULE NO. A24 INOUT VII DRAWING NO

NOR GATE: RTL TTL 7402

The display and keyboard (DSKY) user interface of the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) mounted on the control panel of the Command Module, with Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) above.

Apollo computer DSKY user interface unit

LM DSKY interface diagram

*An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for main memory.

Killer Application Personal digital assistant: A handheld computer, also known as palmtop computer

Hewlett Packard : HP 200LX (1994) A MS-DOS compatible computer in a palmtop format

Palm Computing : Palm Pilot (1996)

Casio BE300 : Pocket PC (Windows CE 3.0)

Smart Phone

Windows Mobile Phones

Killer Application PND ： Portable Navigation Device

TFT LCD : 1960 (1991 Notebook)

*Amazon kindle : Nov. 2007

E Ink is a type of electronic paper manufactured by E Ink Corp., founded in 1997 based on research started at the MIT Media Lab.

1.upper layer 2.transparent electrode layer 3.transparent micro-capsules 4.positive charged white pigments 5.negative charged black pigments 6.transparent oil 7.electrode pixel layer 8.bottom supporting layer 9.Light 10.White 11.black

The principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny microcapsules, about the diameter of a human hair. Each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the top of the microcapsule to become visible to the reader. At the same time, an opposite electric field pulls the black particles to the bottom of the microcapsules where they are hidden.

Specifications Display: 6" diagonal E-Ink® electronic paper display, 600 x 800 pixel resolution at 167 ppi, 4-level gray scale Size (in inches): Kindle 1: 7.5" x 5.3" x 0.7" Weight: Kindle 1: 10.3 ounces Internal memory: 256 MB with 180 MB free Expansion Memory: Officially up to 4GB SD. Wireless: EVDO with no subscription required System requirements: None, because it doesn't require a computer Languages Supported: English File Types Supported: AZW, PRC, MOBI, MP3, AA,TXT

MOBI is the format used by the MobiPocket Reader. AZW is basically the MOBI format using the high compression option. PRC stands for Palm Resource Compiler. AA : Audible Format 4 is roughly the equivalent of MP3 with 128K encoding.

Windows CE 6.0 OS Design Example Marvell PXA310 CPU

S/W: BSP (Board Support Package) H/W: Schematic Documents