In the trap of unemployment by Aneta Śmieszna Kl. IV TE/H

What is unemployment ? Unemployment is a state when there are more people looking for a job than there are posts. It means that the supply of work is higher than the demand for it. Unemployment is a state when there are more people looking for a job than there are posts. It means that the supply of work is higher than the demand for it. The measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. The measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. work reserves = the working + the unemployed in agiven economy work reserves = the working + the unemployed in agiven economy employment- a given number of people working on the basis of current legal norms employment- a given number of people working on the basis of current legal norms

Unemployment rate The unemployment rate is a quotient of the unemployed by the professionally active (work reserves) in a specific category of the population (amongst women, in the commune, in the province, in the country, and the like). Professionally active people are defined by the Central Statistical Office as the working + the people seeking job+ the unemployed+ the disabled people with an opportunity to start work. One should notice that the police and army employees are not included in the professionally active civilians The unemployment rate is a quotient of the unemployed by the professionally active (work reserves) in a specific category of the population (amongst women, in the commune, in the province, in the country, and the like). Professionally active people are defined by the Central Statistical Office as the working + the people seeking job+ the unemployed+ the disabled people with an opportunity to start work. One should notice that the police and army employees are not included in the professionally active civilians It is necessary to remember that the unemployment rate isn't a very precise measure of this phenomenon. It is because the level of the unemployment rate depends on the arbitrarily adopted legal criteria. They can differ from one another depending on the time as well as the state. Establishing international standards of measuring the unemployment is one of the methods of remedying such situations. It is necessary to remember that the unemployment rate isn't a very precise measure of this phenomenon. It is because the level of the unemployment rate depends on the arbitrarily adopted legal criteria. They can differ from one another depending on the time as well as the state. Establishing international standards of measuring the unemployment is one of the methods of remedying such situations.

Unemployment rate in Poland UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AT THE END OF JANUARY 2012

Unemployment rate in Poland cont. Basic monthly results January 2011 December 2011 State at the end of the month January ,01982,7Registered unemployed (in thousand)2121,5 13,112,5Unemployment rate (percentage)13,2 302,6234,7Newly registered unemployed (in thousand)287,8 152,3166,9People excluded from the register (in thousand)149,0 29,022,0Job offers (in thousand)31,1 Registered unemployed and unemployment rate State at the end of the month Registered unemployed (in thousand) Registered unemployment rate (percentage)

Phases of unemployment from a psychological perspective Phase 1 - Anxiety over the loss of work- agitation, frequent changes of the mood and the emotional instability; Phase 1 - Anxiety over the loss of work- agitation, frequent changes of the mood and the emotional instability; Phase 2 - Shock after the loss of work connected with the sense of failure, injustice, humiliation, depression and fear of the future; Phase 2 - Shock after the loss of work connected with the sense of failure, injustice, humiliation, depression and fear of the future; Phase 3 - Slow emerging in the situation of the unemployment and a certain kind of optimism- is it so-called ‘holiday effect’; the entire situation is treated as temporary; Phase 3 - Slow emerging in the situation of the unemployment and a certain kind of optimism- is it so-called ‘holiday effect’; the entire situation is treated as temporary; Phase 4 - pessimism and resignation - negative emotional reactions appear, money and health problems; Phase 4 - pessimism and resignation - negative emotional reactions appear, money and health problems; Phase 5 - apathy and fatalism resulting from adapting to the situation- sense of hopelessness, aspiration to the social isolation, interests and life expectations reduction appear Phase 5 - apathy and fatalism resulting from adapting to the situation- sense of hopelessness, aspiration to the social isolation, interests and life expectations reduction appear

Kinds of unemployment The following kinds of unemployment can be distinguished: The following kinds of unemployment can be distinguished: frictional unemployment - appears in every economy. Unemployed people who want to change job create it in a short time. It is also connected with the change of a place of living, the change of profession or professional promotion; frictional unemployment - appears in every economy. Unemployed people who want to change job create it in a short time. It is also connected with the change of a place of living, the change of profession or professional promotion; structural unemployment - connected with maladjustment of the demand to the supply of work. It is caused by the structural changes in the economy,e.g. disappearing of the outdated industries or the branches of economy and the new ones coming into existence. Technological progress can also be the reason for the structural unemployment, e.g. the automation is replacing the work of many people. structural unemployment - connected with maladjustment of the demand to the supply of work. It is caused by the structural changes in the economy,e.g. disappearing of the outdated industries or the branches of economy and the new ones coming into existence. Technological progress can also be the reason for the structural unemployment, e.g. the automation is replacing the work of many people.

Kinds of unemployment cont. cyclical unemployment - connected with the changes of the economic boom and with cyclical fluctuations. It rises during economic crisis, decreases in the time of the revival. cyclical unemployment - connected with the changes of the economic boom and with cyclical fluctuations. It rises during economic crisis, decreases in the time of the revival. hidden unemployment - affects e.g. employees who are employed part time but against their own will, then their qualifications are not being fully used. In the centralized economy it was connected with the employing above actual needs. At present it appears in the country when the entire family earns their living from the agricultural farm which is able to support only one person. hidden unemployment - affects e.g. employees who are employed part time but against their own will, then their qualifications are not being fully used. In the centralized economy it was connected with the employing above actual needs. At present it appears in the country when the entire family earns their living from the agricultural farm which is able to support only one person. seasonal unemployment - connected with the seasonal demand for work, e.g. in the farming. seasonal unemployment - connected with the seasonal demand for work, e.g. in the farming.

Effects of unemployment wasting of manufacturing factors, reducing the GDP, wasting of manufacturing factors, reducing the GDP, deterioration of the living conditions for the unemployed and their families deterioration of the living conditions for the unemployed and their families loss of qualifications, loss of qualifications, frustration and social pathologies, frustration and social pathologies, increased payments from the state budget, increased payments from the state budget, respecting work and possibly best doing it. respecting work and possibly best doing it.

Ways of reducing unemployment change or improving qualifications, change or improving qualifications, active job-hunt, active job-hunt, taking every work, even the one which requires lower qualifications, taking every work, even the one which requires lower qualifications, change of the domicile if somewhere else is easier to find job change of the domicile if somewhere else is easier to find job creating places of employment in the public sector (e.g. emergency work), creating places of employment in the public sector (e.g. emergency work), providing access to trainings and courses, providing access to trainings and courses, taking up self-employment, taking up self-employment, help for enterprises which are newly formed (e.g. low- interest loans, legal-financial advice). help for enterprises which are newly formed (e.g. low- interest loans, legal-financial advice).

Instruments of the vocational activation socially useful jobs socially useful jobs internship internship trainings raising professional qualifications trainings raising professional qualifications emergency jobs emergency jobs vocational education of adults vocational education of adults financing medical or psychological examinations financing medical or psychological examinations reimbursement of travel costs reimbursement of travel costs reimbursement of accommodation costs reimbursement of accommodation costs post-graduate education post-graduate education one-time funds granting for the business start-up one-time funds granting for the business start-up granting funds to establish the social cooperative granting funds to establish the social cooperative encouraging to participate in the activities of the integration centre encouraging to participate in the activities of the integration centre

The end