Active sentences and passive sentencesActive sentences and passive sentences 10-2 Form of the passiveForm of the passive 10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbsTransitive and intransitive verbs 10-4 Using the by-phraseUsing the by-phrase 10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressiveThe passive forms of the present and past progressive 10-6 Passive modal auxiliariesPassive modal auxiliaries 10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive)Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) 10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ingParticipial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing 10-9 Get + adjective; get + past participleGet + adjective; get + past participle Using be used/accustomed to and get …Using be used/accustomed to and get … Used to vs. be used toUsed to vs. be used to Using be supposed toUsing be supposed to CONTENTS

ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES The chair is being made by the carpenter.

ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES (a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood. (b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the carpenter. same meaning

4 by + O 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES (c) Carol sold the house. (d) The house was sold by Carol. S O ACTIVE: PASSIVE: S object of active subject of passive subject of active object of by

5 How do you tell the passive voice from the active voice? In the active voice, the subject does the doing of the verb. In the passive voice, the subject is having the action done to it.

6 A couple of other tricks … If there is only one word in the verb it is active voice. Passive voice always requires the verb “to be” in some form plus a past participle – in other words, at least two words.

7 A couple of other tricks … Also, if you see the word “by” or can insert the words “by someone” in the sentence, it is passive. Example: My money was stolen (by someone). This sentence is passive voice. Notice, too, that it has a form of the verb “to be” plus a past participle.

FORM OF THE PASSIVE Fuel is burned by cars

FORM OF THE PASSIVE BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (a) Coffee is grown by farmers. (b) The raise was given by the boss. (c) The photo will be printed by Alex.

FORM OF THE PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT Cars burn fuel. Fuel is burned by cars. SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE The raise thrilled Ben. Ben was thrilled by the raise. Al has printed the photo. The photo has been printed by Al. New cars will save fuel. Fuel will be saved by cars.

11 The nuts were gathered by the squirrel. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE The squirrel gathered the nuts.

12 The wall was painted by Matthew. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Matthew painted the wall.

13 The election results will be determined by the voters. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE The voters will determine the election results.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Erica sneezed.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (a) TRANSITIVE (b) INTRANSITIVE Janet earned the promotion. They saw the accident. S V O A problem occurred. They arrived late. S V TRANSITIVE verb + object INTRANSITIVE verb + object

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (c) TRANSITIVE VERBS (d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS (e) INCORRECT: Birds are fly. ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet. ACTIVE: Birds fly. PASSIVE: (not possible)

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (c) TRANSITIVE VERBS (d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet. transitive verbs passive okay intransitive verbs no passive ACTIVE: Birds fly. PASSIVE: (not possible)

LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive It rained yesterday. ?

LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive Eva won a medal. PASSIVE: _______________________ A medal was won by Eva. ?

LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. PASSIVE: _______________________The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee. _______________________ ?

21 What are some intransitive verbs?  agree, appear, arrive, become  come, die, exist, fall, flow, go  happen, laugh, live, occur, rain  rise, seem, sit, sleep, sneeze  stand, stay, talk, wait These verbs don’t take objects.

USING THE BY- PHRASE This painting was done by my mother.

USING THE BY- PHRASE (a) This desk was made by Manuel. by phrase important information

USING THE BY- PHRASE (b) This desk was made in Taiwan. (c) Corn is eaten in many places. (d) That apartment was built in (e) Spanish is spoken in many countries. usually NO by-phrase

25 focus my mother 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE ACTIVE (f) My mother is a great artist. She painted many beautiful portraits. PASSIVE (g) This painting was done by my mother. That one was done by her friend. by-phrase focus on subjects

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Many students use computers. Computers are used by many students.

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Tina taught me how to knit. I was taught to knit by Tina.

29 One of the main reasons we use the passive voice is when we don’t want to mention who or what the action is done by. It’s unknown or not important. Still we can recognize whether a sentence is passive by the “be + past participle” structure and by putting “by someone” after the verb. If it still makes sense, it is passive.

THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE A photo is being taken by Elton.

THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him. She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her. ACTIVE PASSIVE

THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him. present progressive: passive form am is are + being + past participle She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her. ACTIVE PASSIVE

THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE He was taking photos. (c) Photos were being taken by him. past progressive: passive form was were + being + past participle She was writing a book. (d) A book was being written by her.

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Two great teams are playing hockey. Hockey is being played by two great teams.

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Someone was building a guest house in Bhutan. A guest house was being built in Bhutan.

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Alan is studying the memo. The memo is being studied by Alan.

37 One way of thinking of it is that in the present and past continuous, the main part of the verb has an “ing”. What you do is replace the “ing” verb with “being” and put the past participle of that verb when you are making the passive.

PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES Lin will you.

PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES Lin will send it. It will be sent by Lin. Lin can send it. It can be sent by Lin. Lin must send it. It must be sent by Lin. Lin may send it. It may be sent by Lin. ACTIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES FORM: modal + be + past participle

LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS Someone must mow the grass today. This grass __________________. must be mowed today

LET’S PRACTICE You should not feed candy to babies. Babies _____________________. should not be fed candy ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS

42 Hurricanes cannot be controlled LET’S PRACTICE __________________________ People cannot control hurricanes. ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS

43 With the modals, just put the word “be” between the modal and the past participle. I must eat the cake by tomorrow. BECOMES The cake must be eaten by tomorrow.

USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) Lily is pleased with her life.

USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) (a) Lily is brave. (b) Lily is short. (c) Lily is healthy. BE + ADJECTIVE BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (d) Lily is divorced. (e) Lily is excited. (f) Lily is pleased. like an adjective

USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) (g) Lily is divorced from Jack. (h) Lily was happy with her career. (i) Lily will be excited for the trip. past particular participle + prepositions + object

LET’S PRACTICE married Jenny is __________ Grant.married to

LET’S PRACTICE Alma is __________ her new laptop. happy with happy

LET’S PRACTICE Abe is 17. He seems ____________ his age. young for young

50 These you just have to memorize: acquainted with, bored with, divorced from, married to, done with, pleased with, engaged to, prepared for, excited about, finished with, interested in … These are on page 292 in the text.

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING Emma makes pottery. I am interested in making pottery.

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING (a) I am interested in pottery. INCORRECT: I am interesting in pottery. (b) Pottery is interesting. INCORRECT: P ottery is interested. past participle feelings present participle cause of feeling

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING Ben was thrilled with the promotion. (c) Ben was thrilled. (d) The promotion was thrilling. past participle passive meaning present participle cause of feeling

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING (e) I heard some disappointing news. (f) Jill read the shortened version of the book. participial adjectives nouns

LET’S PRACTICE surprised surprising Gail Gwen Gwen’s news must be __________. Gail looks very __________. surprised surprising

56 Most people are truly ________ when they first see it LET’S PRACTICE amazed amazing The Great Wall is ________. amazed amazing

LET’S PRACTICE terrified terrifying Some bugs are scary. This spider is ________! This one could work either way. I wonder if it is ________ of anything? terrifying terrified

58 There are two things to look at here. One – These occur when the past participle is after the verb “to be”. If we are describing how something is feeling, you use the –ed form, as in “I’m bored.” If you are describing how some is, use the –ing form, as in “The instructions are confusing.”

59 Two: This is what you do if the verb/adjective is directly in front of the noun. Ask “Is the noun being done to (-ed) or is it doing the doing (-ing)?” Following are some examples.

60 It is freezing weather. The weather is freezing things. It is frozen food. Something is freezing the food. So, would a room be crowding or crowded? Would a man be accusing or accused? Would a car be stealing or stolen? Would a door be revolving or revolved?

GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE People often get thirsty when they exercise.

GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE (a) I am getting thirsty. (b) Fahad got angry at him. GET + ADJECTIVE GET ADJECTIVE change, beginning to be

GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE (c) I’m getting worried. (d) My friend and his wife got divorced. GET + PAST PARTICIPLE GET PAST PARTICIPLE like an adjective, describes subject

LET’S PRACTICE He ___________ while he was working. get + sleep got sleepy

LET’S PRACTICE He _________________ with his work. get + frustrated is getting frustrated

LET’S PRACTICE It ________ early this year. get + cold got cold

67 What you need to know here is that the verb “get” means that you are “becoming” something. I am getting tired. I’m not tired yet, but I soon will be. What you need to remember is that you must use the proper verb tense with get. What do I mean?

68 I get tired. Stating a fact. He gets tired. Stating a fact. I am getting tired. Happening now. You are getting tired. Happening now. He is getting tired. Happening now. He got tired. Happened in the past. He will get tired. Happening in the future.

69 Finally, how do you deal with questions in the passive? First, just do the same as you always have. Will John eat the pie? Will the pie be eaten by John?

70 Next, if the question in the active has the question words (who, what, where, ect.), you don’t get rid of them. When will John eat the pie? When will the pie be eaten by John?

71 BUT, when the question in the active contains a form of the verb “to do”, you NEVER use it in the passive. You replace it with the correct form of the verb “to be.” When did John eat the pie? When did was the pie eaten by John? When do you play football? When do is football played by you?

72 I wish you all the best on your mid- term exam. INSHALLAH

USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO We are used to driving in traffic.

74 (a) We are used to this city. (b) We are accustomed to this city USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO same meaning

USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO (c) We are used to living in this city. (d) We are accustomed to living in this city. to + -ing form (gerund)

76 (e) I just moved to Athens, Greece. I have never lived in this city before, but I am getting used to (accustomed to) it USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO beginning to feel normal

LET’S PRACTICE be used to (affirmative or negative) I always go to the beach. I __________ the sand and sea. am used to

LET’S PRACTICE I’m confused. I _____________ this new computer. am not used to be used to (affirmative or negative)

LET’S PRACTICE Maybe I’ll call Eva. She _____________ this type of computer. is used to be used to (affirmative or negative)

USED TO vs. BE USED TO He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian.

USED TO vs. BE USED TO (a) He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian. INCORRECT: He used to be eating meat. INCORRECT: He is used to eat meat. habitual past used to + simple form of verb

USED TO vs. BE USED TO (b) He is used to eating meat. be used to + -ing form of verb (gerund)

LET’S PRACTICE be Ø When I was young, I often went skiing. I ____ used to skiing back then. was

LET’S PRACTICE I _____ used to like skiing, but now I prefer snowboarding. Ø be Ø

LET’S PRACTICE Now, I ____ used to snowboarding. am be Ø

USING BE SUPPOSED TO You were supposed to clean out the garage this morning.

USING BE SUPPOSED TO (a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. I expect the flight to leave in 10 minutes.

USING BE SUPPOSED TO (a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. (b) I am supposed to write to Jim. an expectation

USING BE SUPPOSED TO (c) The flight was supposed to leave at 4:30. expected event didn’t occur

LET’S PRACTICE be supposed to I expect to get today. I ______________ get today. am supposed to

LET’S PRACTICE They were expected to arrive on May 4, but they came on May 6. They _______________ arrive on May 6. were supposed to be supposed to

LET’S PRACTICE be supposed to I expected you to call me at noon! You ______ ___________ call me at noon! were supposed to

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