The Role of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) in TR Practice, Research, and Education Chapter 4 HPR 453

Earlier Models of Disability, Health and Functioning  Original Disability Model (Linear) Nagi (1965) If active pathology was present, impairment, functional limitation, disability would follow  ICIDH for trial purposes WHO (1980) – no support due to lack of cross-cultural applicability – no international support Described 3 concepts of disease and health: Impairments, Disabilities, Handicaps  NCMRR (1993) To guide outcome measurement and research Linear to show course of disease or pathology but acknowledged that social policies and barriers limited participation in society = Society could impose disability

 ICIDH revised from and renamed International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)  Overall aim…to provide a unified and standardized language and framework for the description of health and health- related states.  WHO endorsed as international standard in 2001

Shift from Medical Model  Social Model  From medical model that focused on disability  holistic model of health and well-being  From disability needing an intervention to “fix the problem”  a more complete picture of health status by describing behavioral aspects of chronic diseases  Social Model – Individuals experience disability as a result of their interaction with barriers in their environment (i.e. stairs) ICF is biopsychosocial model

Endorsed by ATRA and NTRS  ICF provides a model for clinical practice, professional education and research  Endorsed by ATRA in 2005 and NTRS in 2008 – ATRA has an ICF Team  Comparable with recreational therapy practice and should be used in Practice Guidelines, Standards of Practice, Curriculum Development, Public policy, International Relations, and Research

ICF Model WHO (2001)  4 primary purposes Provide scientific basis for understanding and studying health and health-related states, outcomes, and determinants Common language to improve communication between users (h.c. workers, researchers, policy-makers, the public, including people with disabilities Permit comparison of data across countries, healthcare disciplines and time Provide systematic coding system for health information systems

ICF Model

ICF has 2 Parts Each Part has 2 components WHO (2001)  Functioning and Disability Body Functions and Structures Activity and Participation  Contextual Factors and Components Environmental Factors Personal Factors  Not linear – Arrows indicate interaction after a change in health condition to improve well-being (Important for TR – we restore well-being)

Coding the ICF  Will be used soon by healthcare professionals to collect functional data  Classification system and not assessment  Data will pertain to a particular session  Contextual factors will result in variability because each session is a snapshot in the big picture (i.e. more alert in morning than afternoon – contextual factors play a role)

Definitions of key concepts and terms  Body Function – physiological and psychological functions of body systems  Body Structures – anatomical – organs, limbs and their components  Impairments – problems in function or structure (i.e. significant deviation or loss)  Activity – Execution of a task or action  Participation – involvement in a life situation

 Activity Limitations – difficulties an individual may have in executing activities  Participation Restrictions – problems experienced in involvement in life activities  Environmental Factors – physical, social, and attitudinal components in which live and conduct their lives

CODING  BS – “s” (anatomical) structure of brain, structure of heart, etc 3 qualifiers to describe extent of impairment, nature of the change and location of the impairment CTRS won’t code much in BS but must understand codes  BF – “b” Physiological and psychological functions 1 qualifier to describe level of impairment with b.f. CTRS will code (i.e. temperament and personality, attention, exercise tolerance, etc)

 A&P – “d” Activities commonly performed in life (daily routine, conversation, climbing, managing diet and meals, forming relationships, play, taking care of animals, crafts, etc) Meaningful activity 4 qualifiers (2 capacity and 2 performance) Capacity = Ability in standard environment Performance = in real life situations Coding more complex than previous categories

 EF – “e” Things in environment which facilitate or hinder health and functioning Equipment, attitudes, social policies Codes attached to A&P to reflect effect on a specific activity or participation  PF – recognized but not currently included due to large cultural and social variance (i.e. gender, coping styles)

Why you need to know this….  Will soon be used by clinicians for payers because functional status is much better predictor of health system usage than diagnostic information  ICF includes a chapter related to social, civic, and community functioning that recognizes recreation and leisure as an important aspect of functioning

Related to TR Practice  Functional status and holistic approach to individual and his/her environment  Inter-professional communication  CTRSs will use same language as other disciplines (i.e. cognitive domain)  Core sets related to health conditions – 12 developed – more being developed – Table 4.2  See case study on pgs 53-55