C H A P T E R O N E The Nature of Probability and Statistics 1 Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1-1Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-2Variables and Types of Data 1-3Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1-4Experimental Design 1-5Computers and Calculators Summary Outline The Nature of Probability of Statistics CHAPTER 1 Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1Demonstrate knowledge of statistical terms. 2Differentiate between the two branches of statistics. 3Identify types of data. 4Identify the measurement level for each variable. 5Identify the four basic sampling techniques. 6Explain the difference between an observational and an experimental study. 7Explain how statistics can be used and misused. 8Explain the importance of computers and calculators in statistics. Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. 4 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics variable A variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. data The values that a variable can assume are called data. population A population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are studied. sample A sample is a subset of the population. 5 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. Inferential statistics Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. 6 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 Variables and Types of Data Data Qualitative Categorical Quantitative Numerical, Can be ranked Discrete Countable 5, 29, 8000, etc. Continuous Can be decimals 2.59, 312.1, etc. 7 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 Recorded Values and Boundaries VariableRecorded ValueBoundaries Length15 centimeters (cm) Temperature 86  Fahrenheit (  F) Time0.43 second (sec) Mass1.6 grams (g) cm  F sec g 8 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 Variables and Types of Data Levels of Measurement Nominal Nominal – categorical (names) Ordinal Ordinal – nominal, plus can be ranked (order) Interval Interval – ordinal, plus intervals are consistent Ratio Ratio – interval, plus ratios are consistent, true zero 9 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 Variables and Types of Data Determine the measurement level. VariableNominalOrdinalIntervalRatioLevel Hair ColorYesNoNominal Zip CodeYesNoNominal LetterGradeYes NoOrdinal ACT ScoreYes NoInterval HeightYes Ratio AgeYes Ratio Temperature(F)Yes NoInterval 10 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques Some Sampling Techniques Random Random – random number generator Systematic Systematic – every k th subject Stratified Stratified – divide population into “layers” Cluster Cluster – use intact groups Convenient Convenient – mall surveys Sampling error Sampling error – Sample vs. population 11 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Experimental Design observational study In an observational study, the researcher merely observes and tries to draw conclusions based on the observations. independent (explanatory) variable dependent (outcome) variableexperimental study The researcher manipulates the independent (explanatory) variable and tries to determine how the manipulation influences the dependent (outcome) variable in an experimental study. confounding variable A confounding variable influences the dependent variable but cannot be separated from the independent variable. 12 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Experimental Design Suspect Samples Suspect Samples o Is the sample large enough? o How was the sample selected? o Is the sample representative of the population? Ambiguous Averages Ambiguous Averages o What particular measure of average was used and why? 13 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Experimental Design Changing the Subject Changing the Subject o Are different values used to represent the same data? Detached Statistics Detached Statistics o One third fewer calories…….than what? Implied Connections Implied Connections o Studies suggest that some people may understand what this statement means. 14 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Experimental Design Misleading Graphs Misleading Graphs o Are the scales for the x-axis and y-axis appropriate for the data? Faulty Survey Questions Faulty Survey Questions o Do you feel that statistics teachers should be paid higher salaries? o Do you favor increasing tuition so that colleges can pay statistics teachers higher salaries? 15 Bluman Chapter 1

Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Computers and Calculators TI-83/84 Plus TI-83/84 Plus Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel with MegaStat Microsoft Excel with MegaStat Minitab Minitab 16 Bluman Chapter 1