DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2 Intestine LIVER PANCREAS

Small intestine Functions: digestion – by enzimes from liver, pancreas, and enterocytes (Membrane and luminal digestion) absorption – by enterocytes

Duodenum Ileum lacteal Villus serosa

plicae circularis: mucosa + submucosa intestinal villi: Intestinal lining: plicae circularis: mucosa + submucosa intestinal villi: epithelium, lamina propria, mm crypts: invaginations of epithelium in the lamina propria (endocrine, Paneth cells and stem cells) simple columnar epithelium: absorptive enterocytes, goblet cells fenestrated capillaries and central lacteal

plicae circularis (folds): mucosa + submucosa Intestinal lining: plicae circularis (folds): mucosa + submucosa intestinal villi: epithelium + lamina propria with muscularis mucosae (increased surface)

Villus 1. Epithelium

2. Goblet cells produce a protective mucus. Epithelium: simple columnar . Cells: 1. Enterocytes -- Columnar absorptive cells --have microvilli = brush border for absorption of digested food. 2. Goblet cells produce a protective mucus. Lamina propria: Connective tissue, has fenestrated capillaries and central lacteal -- lymphatic capillary Lymphocytes and plasma cells are very numerous.

Epithelium (villus) bb gc L

c Villus, lacteal v gc ivs lp l sm ivs GALT low LOOK! The lamina propria (lp), blood-filled capillaries ©, and lacteal (l), smooth muscle cells (sm) GALT - lymphocytes

Crypt p g a == invaginations of epithelium in the lamina propria == intestinal glands

Epithelium of crypt 1.Goblet and 2.absorptive cells. 3. the granule-containing Paneth cells - produce Lysozyme (. at the bottom 4. enteroendocrine cells 5. undifferentiated stem cells

Crypt p g a

3. Paneth cells, 4. enteroendocrine cells (CCK, secretin, GIP), 5. undifferentiated cells 4 5 3

Submucosa filled with Brunner’s mucous glands - alkaline mucus Duodenum v low m lp ig v mm v sm m me sm s bg med Submucosa filled with Brunner’s mucous glands - alkaline mucus

s low & med mag. Duodenum Bg c d mm villi d intestinal glands mm mm Bg low s med low & med mag. Ducts (d) from Brunner’s glands (Bg) (s) pass through the muscularis mucosa (mm) to empty their alkaline mucus in or between the crypts (c).

Duodenum m s high med high Brunner’s glands m high s med crypts submucosa muscularis externa muscul. mucosa high nerve supply - submucosal (s) and myenteric (m) nerve plexuses.

Jejunum v a ig g ig P The jejunum is like the duodenum & ileum med low The jejunum is like the duodenum & ileum but has no submucosal glands and Peyer’s patches. Contains bigger amount of goblet cells

Ileum cr. v muscul. mucosa v sm sm ln med low ln The major distinguishing feature is the aggregated lymphatic nodules (ln) called Peyer’s patches in the mucosa or submucosa

Duodenum Ileum lacteal Villus COMPARE !

Large intestine (bowal) - general Function = Reabsorbtion of water and electrolytes + Elimination of wastes Inner lining - permanent internal folds of its mucosa + submucosa called plicae circulares and crypts. Its mucosa lacks of villi. muscularis externa: The inner circular layer is uniform but the outer longitudinal layer has 3 thicker bands, the taenia coli. where the colon faces the abdominal cavity there is a serosa.

Taenia coli

Colon cr muscularis mucosa pc med submucosa low musc. ext. Crypts (cr) composed mainly of 1. goblet cells – the most numerous . 2. Columnar absorptive cells 3. Enteroendocrine cells 4. Undifferentiated cells

High. Magn.

Large intestine COMPARE ! Appendix

Anal canal ss g L v ig v a v gc low mm high Anal columns Brunched tubular glands (g) Stratified sqaumous epithelium (ss)

Liver & Gall Bladder

Functions: Bile synthesis and secretion (emulsification) Excretion of bilirubin Protein synthesis Gluconeogenesis Storage Detoxification Protective Hemopoietic organ Endocrine

Liver has lobulated structure

Liver lobule is hexagonal in shape ① at its center - central vein ② hepatic plates（cords of cells – hepatocytes locate radially ③ hepatic sinusoids locate between plates

Liver lobule

cv sv pt Connective tissue poor develops Central veins (cv) drain to a sublobular vein (sv). .The portal triads (pt) locate at lobule coners.

The bile canaliculus wall is made Hepatic plate (cord) is one or two cells thick Between cells the bile canaliculi locate Bile canaliculus hepatocyte sinusoid Kupffer cell The bile canaliculus wall is made up of hepatocytes

Hepatocytes： !- Vascular and bile surfaces Organelles - Polyhedral (6 surfaces) !- Vascular and bile surfaces Organelles - a. RER b. SER c. Golgi complex d. Mitochondria Inclusions

The bile canaliculus form a network that eventually empty into bile duct at the periphery of the lobule. h h b

Hepatic sinusoid and Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cell) Lined by endothelium and Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cell) Space of Disse sinusoid Kupffer cell

e d s Space of Disse (d) between capillary and the hepatocytes

h Look! s RBC e h Sinusoids (s) are lined by highly fenestrated endothelial cells (e). Between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes (h), is the space of Disse (arrow).

In the Disse space lie Adipose cells - storage vitamin A

Blood circulation of the liver Hepatic artery interlobular artery Portal vein interlobular vein hepatic sinusoid central vein cv sublobular vein hepatic vein s d cv v a

At the lobule coners the portal triads are found:

cv hs pt Liver, injected with red gelatin to demonstrate the abundant vasculature. central vein (cv), the portal triad (pt) hepatic sinusoids (hs).

Liver lobules – 3 types

Gall bladder

Pancreas -- mixed gland Functions: Exocrine Trypsinogen, pepsinogen, peptidase Amylase Lipase Deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease Endocrine

Pancreas – compound acinar serous gland low lobule Exocrine – 98-99% Endocrine – 1-2% Anatomy: Capsule Septae (have Interlobular duct) Lobules (Serous secretory units + ducts) lobule id med

Pancreas – compound acinar serous gland Septa Lobules Interlobular duct Serous secretory units

Pancreas. Exocrine secretory units Zymogen granules Intercalated duct is intercalated into the s. unit = centroacinar cells

Exocrine part Structural features of the acinus: ① Purely serous. ② the presence of centroacinar cells in the center of the acinus Intercalated duct Serous cells Centroacinar cells

Islets of Langerhans, - low & med. mag. Pancreas. Endocrine Islets of Langerhans, - low & med. mag. Scattered among exocrine secretory units spherical collections of light-staining cords of endocrine cells . low, H&E med, trichrome

Pancreas. Endocrine islets of Langerhans: 1. B cell 2. A cell 3. D cell 4. minor cells: PP, D1, EC,

Islets of Langerhans B - insulin blood glucose 70% A – glucagon blood glucose 15-20% D – somatostatin insulin 5-10% glucagon PP – PP, D1 – VIP, EC – secretin, motilin

Control question Group, name 1. Compare Duodenum, Ileum and Colon Transversum 2. Liver: Blood supply. (What peculiar in the blood supply of the Liver?)