PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran and Kraig Pencil Information Systems Hardware MIS 320 Kraig K. Pencil Summer 2014

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil A. Game Plan Computer hierarchy Bits and bytes IS Hardware –Processing and storage

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil B: Computer Hierarchy Servers: computers that serve multiple users simultaneously Photo: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine) 539,00.html 539,00.html 543,00.html

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil B. Computer Hierarchy 1.Rank the following from largest to smallest: Micro computer Mainframe Workstation PDA Supercomputer

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 2.Supercomputer –Most processing power –Common applications: Large simulation models of real-world phenomena E.g., –Price: $250k - $20 million 3.Mainframe Computer –“Big iron”, “Enterprise Server” –Used in large corporations for centralized transaction processing and maintaining large databases –Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations –Price: > $100k

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil 07/23/mainframe-computers-that- change-with-the- times/?ref=technologyhttp://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/ 07/23/mainframe-computers-that- change-with-the- times/?ref=technology Main frame for 75,000 dollars... considered to be cheap, and an effective counter move from IBM against cloud based data centers.

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 4. Workstation –Desktop machines –“PC on steroids” –Provide very high-speed calculations and high- resolution graphics and 3-D graphics Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts and engineers, software development, animated movies –Vendors include Sun Microsystems, Hewlett- Packard, Apple Computer

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 5. Microcomputer –Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet –Often single-user, but can be used as servers –Example applications: TPS for smaller organizations, MIS reports, DSS for decision makers 6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA) –I-Phone, Android, Blackberry … –Wireless capabilities: WWW and –Example business applications: communications, inventory management, healthcare

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil C. Bits and Bytes 1.Binary notation –Common format (“language”) for computers –Expressed as a series of ___s and ___s 2.Bit –“Binary digit” 3.Byte –String of 8 bits  2 8 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256) –Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers –e.g., The character “A” = (ASCII-8 code) The number “1” = (ASCII-8 code) 0 1

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil C. Bits and Bytes (cont.) 4. Bytes in perspective –Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes) –Large SW program: Millions of bytes –Medium database: Billions of bytes –A large database: Trillions of bytes –A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes 5.Rank from largest to smallest –Megabyte –Terabyte –Petabyte –Kilobyte –Gigabyte

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil D. IS Hardware 1.Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing Capture (input) Convey (output) Create (process) Cradle (primary & secondary storage) Communicate 2.Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage 3.How are these hardware characteristics represented in the PC ads? Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Image Source: Dell Computer: Processing

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Image Source: Dell Computer: Memory

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Image Source: Dell Computer: Storage

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil E. IS Hardware: Processing 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Performs the “bit crunching” Microprocessor  Many transistors on a silicon “chip” Now: Can include billions of transistors E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion Transistor diagram

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Components of a Personal Computer Top half of diagram: Components on the motherboard. Bottom half of diagram: Components attached to the motherboard CPU

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Motherboard CPU Technical view

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil E. IS Hardware: CPU Components Control unit Receives input signals and serves as “traffic cop” (tells computer what to do) Image source: Rainer, et al, Introduction to IS, 2009 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Performs arithmetic & comparison operations Registers High speed storage areas Instructions and data go in Results come out CPU { Primary storage

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.) 3. Moore’s Law –Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder –Prediction: Computer processor capacity per integrated circuit  Double ~ every two years Prediction made in 1965 Expected the trend to last till 1975 Trend has continued for much longer than Moore expected

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit [Source: Intel Corporation] Image Source: Intel: Tukwila

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Data Storage 1.Where is data kept?

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil F. Primary Storage Place where information needed for current and most frequent processing is stored. May include Operating system instructions Program instructions Data to be processed 1.RAM Dell PC Component List Random Access Memory Information can be accessed directly Chips “Volatile” Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher) Installing memory 7g 7g

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil F. Primary Storage (cont.) 2. “Cache” memory A special type of memory Very fast, expensive, close to CPU Stores info used most frequently by CPU Not many bytes Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB 3. “Built-in” ROM Read Only Memory “NonVolatile” Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up Stores instructions to tell computer what to do Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil G. Secondary Storage 1.Place to store large amounts of information for an extended period of time 2.Features “Nonvolatile” Takes longer to retrieve Cost effective

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil G. Secondary Storage 3.Example –Flash memory* A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts) USB 16 GB  ~ $30 –Hard drive (magnetic disk) Example range for common micros: GB)  ~ $ GB  ~$55-$80 –CD/DVD (optical disk) *Prediction: Flash memory will replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years. wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil Fast …………………Slow Expensive …………Cheap Ranking Storage Devices Cache Ram Rom Flash Hard drive DVDs Non-volatile