New Sources of Political Order

The Beginnings of the HRE East Francia Prominence of dukes Drang nach Osten New lands, source of wealth Silver mines: Otto I Use of mercenaries Church officials as a source of royal support Otto I crowned by John XII in 962: Official beginning of Holy Roman Empire Kings/Emperors: Conrad I (911-919) Henry the Fowler (919-936) Otto I (936-973) Otto II (973-983) Marriage to Theophano, Byzantine princess Otto III (982-1000) Henry II (1002-1024) Expansion of ecclesiastical fiefs Conrad II (1024-1039) ministeriales Henry III (1039-1056) “Imperium” takes on new meaning

German Empire: from the study guide Terms: Henry the Fowler Ottonian kings, especially Otto I "the Great" translatio imperii Ottonian Renaissance Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Salian dynasty Ministeriales Questions: What exactly is meant by the term "Germany" at the beginning of this period? What was the nature of the relationship that German monarchs developed with the church (and with church officials), and why and how did this develop? What was the guiding myth for the Germanic empire? How and when did the term "empire" come to develop a new meaning, and what is the significance of the change? What were some of the Ottonians’ accomplishments in enhancing the German empire’s intellectual life? How in particular did artworks of this time reinforce the monarchy's image of itself?

German Empire: Maps

The Accession of Henry II Henry II, who eventually succeeded to the throne despite rival claimants, was later canonized as a saint. His own father, Henry, had rebelled against Otto III. How does Thietmar establish the legitimacy of Henry's election in his text?

Capetian France Initial weakness Control over royal domain Principle of hereditary rather than elective monarchy Strategic marriages Eleanor of Aquitaine to Louis VII Kings: Hugh Capet (987-996) Robert II (996-1031) Henry I (1031-1060) Philip I (1060-1108) Louis VI “the Fat” (1108-1137) Louis VII (1137-1180)

Anglo-Normal Realm Alfred the Great’s Anglo-Saxon monarchy Declared king over English Law code Revival of learning Navy Conversion of Vikings Shires and hundreds: administrative units Alfred (871-899) Edgar (959-975) Canute (1016-1035) Emperor of the Northern Seas Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) Question: What were some of Alfred the Great's accomplishments in enhancing England's intellectual life?

The Norman Conquest: from the study guide Questions: What course of action did William I pursue when he took over the English crown, and why did he choose as he did? How did William's handling of the land affect the future of England? Terms: Canute Battle of Hastings; William of Normandy; Harold Godwinson Exchequer Questions on Sources: For plate 5.5, how do the respective positions and body language of the two men communicate their relationship, according to the sponsor of the tapestry? For source 5.13, this is hardly compelling reading, yet as a source for the period it is pure gold. What does this excerpt tell you about the kinds of individuals that held property, and the kinds of property they held? What does it tell you about financial obligations among these individuals?

William the Conqueror Method of infeudation Relationship with church Scattered fiefs Virtually no subinfeudation Significant royal demesne Relationship with church “Agreement” with pope Control over clerical appointments Donations of land Treatment of conquered Anglo-Saxons Norman French replaced Old English Elites completely displaced Domesday Book: form of control Succession: William II (1087-1100) Henry I (1100-1135) Stephen (1135-1154): period of anarchy, civil war

Medieval Spain Terms: al-Andalus Questions: dhimmis Reconquista convicencia Contrast: Song of Roland, Song of the Cid Averroes Questions: What was the status of Christians and Jews in Spain prior to the Reconquista? For source 5.10, how does the bishop justify violent actions to the assembled army? Be precise in discerning the language and the biblical support that he uses to characterize the struggle ahead.

Medieval Italy Questions: What factors contributed to growth in the Italian communes? Proto-capitalist rural economy What were the consequences of the Norman conquest of Sicily? What was the corpus iuris civilis and why was it important? Rediscovery in late 11th century Relationship of northern Italian cities to Holy Roman Emperors Contrast between northern, southern Italy Significance of Papal States Pope’s appointment of Robert Guiscard as papal vassal Rulers of Sicily: Roger “the Great Count” Roger II