CHAPTER 8: LEARNING Classical Conditioning Opening Experiment: Directions: Please place your head on desk, close your eyes and relax. This is NOT Hypnosis

Learning YouTube - Scary Loud Noise Learning - a change in behavior due to experience We are not born with a blueprint of how to survive, we learn by experience. We have adaptability – the capacity to cope with our changing environments.

Behaviorism Behaviorism – Psychology should be an objective science Studies behavior without reference to mental processes . RELATE EVERYTHING WE LEARN IN THE NEXT 2 CHAPTERS TO BEHAVIORISM aka Behavioral perspective

Behaviorists Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

Behaviorists John B. Watson – American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. (1878 – 1958) "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant- chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors"

Behaviorists B.F. Skinner – An American psychologist who advocated behaviorism and studied the effects of reinforcement. (1904 – 1990) (Operant Conditioning)

Associative Learning Learning by association – learning that certain events occur together. Classical Conditioning – learning the relationship between stimuli and responses. P. 314 Fig. 8.1 Operant Conditioning – learning through rewards and punishments. P.315 Fig. 8.2 Behavior followed by it’s consequences

Examples of Classical Conditioning Alfred Hitchcock Films YouTube - Top 5 Horror Movies theme songs Jaws Theme Song Bakeries Songs Sounds of the ocean CD Your Dogs and Cats Classical Conditioning with a Daisy the Cat Classical Conditioning Experiment

Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning – learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses, and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did the old one.

Pavlov’s Dog Pavlov observed the salivation of dogs… Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS-aka US) – something that elicits a natural response (FOOD) Unconditioned Response (UCR- aka UR) – natural, involuntary response (SALIVATION) Neutral Stimulus (NS) – something that does not elicit any particular behavior without conditioning (BELL)

Pavlov’s Dog UCS UCR NS No response CR

Pavlov’s Dog Order of stimuli Conditioned Stimulus / Neutral Stimulus (CS) presented first THEN the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Present within a short amount of time from one another… half a second.

Pavlov’s Dog After Conditioning …. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a particular behavior (BELL) Conditioned Response (CR) – the learned response that initially occurred to the unconditioned stimulus and now occurs to the conditioned stimulus (SALIVATION) Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov – YouTube Two and Half Men - Pavlov's Bar – YouTube Interesting fact about Pavlov’s laboratory I read about

Pavlov’s Laboratory ouTube - Baha Men - Who Let The Dogs Out (Original version) | Full HD | 1080p (:18)

Pavlov’s Dog FOOD (UCS) ------------ SALIVATION (UCR) BELL (NS) ------------ Initially produced no salivation NS + UCS ----------------- SALIVATION (UCR) BELL (CS) ---------------- SALIVATION (CR)

More Classical Conditioning Practice Classical Conditioning Onion Breath. P.318 Fig. 8.4 romantic vs. sexual arousal Classical conditioning and the blink response

Examples of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning at BGSU – YouTube The Office - Pavlov's dog on Vimeo Classical Conditioning within Psychology - "Attack of the Quack" – YouTubeClassical Conditioning in High School Clockwork Orange classical conditioning scene

5 concepts of classical conditioning Acquisition- Learning has taken place when the animal/person responds to the conditioned stimulus. This initial learning is called acquisition. (the animal has acquired a new behavior)

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Will the CS always yield the CR… even if repeatedly presented without the UCS? Extinction – the diminishing of an CR if the CS is not presented with the UCS Will the CS yield a CR after a wait period? Spontaneous recovery – the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Distinguishing Between Stimuli Will the animal respond to a somewhat varied stimulus? Generalization – after conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus, similar to the CS, to evoke a similar response. P. 321 snails cartoon Discrimination – the learned ability to distinguish between CS and another stimulus. Water Bottle Experiment. Rape as classical conditioning p. 325

Activity Classically Conditioning a Student Directions: On a sheet of scrap paper write out the following 9 terms in one column UCS, UCR, CS, CR, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination. After I conduct the short demonstration label the 4 parts of the classical conditioning then explain WHEN in the experiment the last 5 terms took place or might have taken place.

John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment Little Albert feared loud noises but not white rats. Loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) Presentation of rat (NS) – no fear Pair rat (NS) and loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) After several repetitions, the sight of the rat (CS) produced fear (CR) The Little Albert Experiment

Taste Aversions Garcia and Koelling’s Experiment – Rats and taste aversions Rats were given food, then given radiation, which led to nausea. Then the rats would later avoid that food. 2 interesting findings: Aversion developed to only tastes (not sights or sounds) Even after hours had passed between presenting the CS and the UCS the aversion still developed. Humans may experience taste aversions: Eat food – become sick – Feel nauseas at the sight or smell of the food. Sheep Coyotes and Ranchers poison in sheep carcass.

Human Taste Aversions “secondary disgust”- Fudge (shape of muffins vs. droppings) Favorite Soup: stirred in a thoroughly washed used flyswatter (82%) brand new flyswatter (58%) used comb that has been thoroughly washed (76%) served in thoroughly washed used dog bowl (71%)

Classical Conditioning facts People with OCD and/or Autism are 3 times likely to be conditioned. Men who saw a car with a seductive women were more likely to rate the car as faster, better designed and more appealing than men who viewed the same ad without. Associating celebrities with products Taking people to lunch/dinner to make business deals.