Classical Conditioning – The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke the response initially evoked by another stimulus ◦ an item creates a response it wouldn’t normally cause through pairing Introduction Clip 5Ey0
Ivan Pavlov Conducted research on digestion, specifically role of saliva in digestion process of dogs. Pavlov presented meat (powder) to dogs, preceded by a clicking sound to alert them of the food. Over time, dogs salivated in response to clicking sound.
Pavlov further investigated phenomenon: Presented meat with a tone (bell) After several pairings, he presented bell alone to dogs ◦ What happened? What is the significance of his research?
1.) Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- The stimulus that evokes a natural response. ◦ Pavlov Ex.) 2.) Unconditioned Response (UR)- The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. ◦ Pavlov Ex.)
3.) Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- Previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, evokes conditioned response. ◦ Pavlov Ex.) 4.) Conditioned Response (CR)- Learned reaction to conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning ***Usually the same as UR******* ◦ Pavlov Ex.)
Trials- Presentations of the stimuli (US and CS) together ◦ Pavlov Ex.) ◦ The Office Ex.) Number of trials needed for classical conditioning to occur varies
“The Office” US- UR- CS- CR-
Shower Example US- UR- CS- CR-
Many of our phobias and fears are direct result of classical conditioning Examples: ◦ Bridge Phobia ◦ Taco Bell ◦ Class Examples
May be conditioned to associate stimulus with positive feelings Examples: ◦ Cotton candy ice cream Classical conditioning could even play a role in sexual arousal Example: ◦ Seinfeld clip ◦
1.) Acquisition- This term refers to the learning of the conditioned response 2.) Extinction – This refers to a gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response ◦ How does this usually occur?
3.) Spontaneous Recovery- After extinction, a response may spontaneously reappear. Real World Examples:
Stimulus Generalization – An organism that has learned a response to a specific stimuli responds in same way to stimuli that are similar to original stimulus. ◦ Clown Example John B. Watson study ◦ “Little Albert”- 11 month old Conditioned to fear bunnies
Class examples, if time permits