AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 18n 14o CLASS NOTES Traditional Livelihoods of Rural Peoples

Economic Activities 1. Primary: (EXTRACTION) Farming, Fishing, Herding, Mining 2. Secondary: (PRODUCTION) Convert raw materials into useable products 3. Tertiary: Service Industry (CONSUMER) (retail, lawyer, doctor, teacher, plumber)

Quaternary & Quinary Tertiary so complex – broken down further in 4 and 5 4. QUAT. – Knowledge Based Services for Businesses Banking, Insurance, Consulting Manage Information / Exchange of money or capital

Quinary 5. QUIN. – Research, Technology, & Higher Ed.

First Agricultural Revolution (remember???) Begin to plant fields and grow crops Surplus of food can be grown Larger settlements develop Not everyone has to farm – can do other jobs (specialization)

Subsistence Farming Growing only enough to survive (sustain)– not profit (no surplus) Small Scale

Geographer Carl Sauer Plant Domestication – Root vs. Seed plant Artificial Selection Genetic Changes to suit Human Needs

The domestication of wheat provides an example The domestication of wheat provides an example. Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. There is evidence that this critical change came about as a result of a random mutation near the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Wheat with this mutation was harvested and became the seed for the next crop. Therefore, without realizing, early farmers selected for this mutation, which would otherwise have died out. The result is domesticated wheat, which relies on farmers for its own reproduction and dissemination

Animal Domestication Attracted to settlements as scavengers Get used to human presence / protection from predators Changes for Human Needs Labor / livestock / protection

Natural variations in individual plants and animals also support the selection of new traits. It is speculated that tamer than average wolves, less wary of humans, selected themselves as domestic dogs over many generations. These wolves were able to thrive by following humans to scavenge for food near camp fires and garbage dumps. Eventually a symbiotic relationship developed between people and these proto-dogs. The dogs fed on human food scraps, and humans found that dogs could warn them of approaching dangers, help with hunting, act as pets, provide warmth, or supplement their food supply. As this relationship progressed, humans eventually began to keep these self-tamed wolves and breed from them the types of dogs that we have today.

Taming – Not Domestication

2nd Agricultural Revolution During 17th – 18th Century Europe (leads into Industrial Rev.) Soil Preparation, fertilization, tools, harvesting, storage improved Increased productivity & yield

Von Thunen Concentric Rings Land Use Model

Spatial Layout of Agriculture – Rural land use Model (early 1800s) Johann Heinrich von Thunen Activity precedence around city (market) Premise of RENT (land value : profit)

3 Model Assumptions 1. Flat Terrain 2. Consistent Env. Conditions 3. No Transport Barriers to Market

RING 1 - Closest to Market (city): perishables & dairy items Command highest prices Need fastest transport to market (INTENSIVE AGRICL.)

RING 2 – Forest: provide fuel for burning

RING 3 – Field Crops: Wheat & Grains Not as perishable, can be stored, transport slower (EXTENSIVE AGRICL.)

Beyond This = Unprofitable RING 4 – Ranching & Livestock Need Grazing Space Beyond This = Unprofitable Market Dist.

Von Thunen Analysis Interplay between Market Distance, Land Use, and Transportation costs Examine which land use yields the highest returns (PROFIT!!!) RENT (land value) decreases w/ distance from Market

Pre - 3rd Agricultural Revolution Cash Cropping, Plantations Role of Technology in Farming Reduction of Human labor

3rd Agricultural Revolution “Green Revolution” Intensive Mechanization Use of Bio-Technology Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Higher yield strains “Frankenfoods”

Worldwide laws regarding GM Foods 2012

The Labeling Debate