Classical Conditioning Chapter 6- Section 1

Learning is achieved through experience. If we are born knowing how to do it, it is not the result of learning.

Stimulus vs. Response stimulus- something that produces a reaction or response response- observable reaction to a stimulus conditioning- learning; works with the pairing of different stimuli

Classical Conditioning simple form of learning; one stimulus comes to call forth the response, usually called forth by another stimulus, because the two have been paired together

Pavlov’s Experiments Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs to determine the relationship between the nervous system and digestion. He knew meat on the tongues of dogs was a stimulus for saliva production. He found that the dogs began to salivate when ____________________________ or _________________ _____________________. So Pavlov changed his experiments to prove that he could train dogs to salivate in response to any stimulus. He __________________ and then placed ______________________ on their tongues. This caused the dogs to __________________. After several pairings of the two, the dogs began to _________________ in response to the ________. they heard clinking trayswhen associates entered the lab rang a bell meat/meat powder salivate bell only

The Terminology unconditioned stimulus (US) stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, NOT learned unconditioned response (UR) automatic response (done naturally by reflex), NOT learned conditioned response (CR) learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless conditioned stimulus (CS) learned stimulus-previously neutral-now because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, it causes conditioned response

How does it work? US UR an unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response NS US UR a neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, which still produces the unconditioned response NS becomes CS by pairing the US and NS, the NS becomes the CS CS CR the conditioned stimulus produces the conditioned response

Identify each for Pavlov’s experiment… USUR NS CSCR

US US CS UR UR CR

a stimulus causes a response The CR will always be identical to or very similar to the UR!!! unconditioned = unlearned/automatic conditioned = learned

Test your understanding… A bear cub associates scent with the appearance of a dangerous animal. The cub hides/runs away. US=CS=UR/CR= A car owner hears an alarm and thinks someone is breaking in to his car. He calls the police. US=CS=UR/CR= appearance of animal scent of animal hides/runs away someone breaking in hearing alarm calls police

Classical conditioning can help people and animals adapt to their environment in helpful ways. taste aversion- learned avoidance of a particular food; one pairing of food and illness may be all that is needed

extinction- occurs when the CS is disconnected from the US, therefore the CS no longer causes the CR spontaneous recovery- organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier

generalization- the act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical discrimination- the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

flooding- person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until their fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished; it is often unpleasant systematic desensitization- people are taught relaxation techniques then are exposed gradually to the stimulus they fear while remaining relaxed counterconditioning- pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear

THE STORY OF LITTLE ALBERT

1920-John Watson and Rosalie Raynor 11-month-old “Little Albert” was not easily frightened Watson and Raynor conditioned him to fear his white lab rat/playmate by clashing steel bars raised questions of ethics US=CS= UR=CR= clanging bars fear rat fear of rat

Dog Example  a large dog barks then bites you  you see a large dog barking at you  you feel pain and fear  you feel fear USCS URCR large dog barks then bites you feel pain and fear see a large dog feel fear

Test Example  the teacher says “clear your desk”  a student takes a test  the student feels nervous USCS URCR student takes a test feels nervous teacher says “clear your desk” feels nervous

Nurse Example  the child sees a nurse  a child gets an injection from a nurse  the child cries and runs from a nurse  the child feels pain and cries USCS URCR child gets injection child feels pain and cries child sees nurse child cries and runs from nurse

Mechanic Example  the mechanic examines a car engine  a mechanic touches a car battery  the mechanic feels fear  the mechanic feels an electric shock USCS URCR mechanic touches car battery feels electric shock examines a car engine feels fear