March, 1815: Napoleon returned from exile on Elba Supporters help him return to power Hundred Days Louis XVIII flees into exile June, 1815: Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo Exiled to St. Helena (island in the Atlantic) Napoleon died in 1821

Created to establish peace and stability following the reign of Napoleon Convened in Sept, 1814 Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia were the main participants Dominated by Metternich, Chancellor of Austria P 572 for more on Metternich Goal: restore and protect the balance of power

French territory restored to 1792 boundaries Lost territories acquired by Napoleon Monarchs restored to thrones of conquered territories Louis XVIII restored to throne of France Kingdom of Netherlands created by uniting the Dutch Netherlands and the Austrian Netherlands Prussia gained control of land along the Rhine River Britain and Russia also gained some lands Switzerland recognized as an independent neutral state German Confederation created in central Europe Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved during the reign of Napoleon

Conservatism: page Wanted to return to the days before the French Revolution Supported: Strong monarchs rather than democratic governments Edmund Burke (British politician) was a major spokesperson for conservativism Tradition rather than change Religion as a strong force in society Favored by: Royal families Church leaders Important Conservatives: Metternich, Alexander I of Russia

Liberalism: page Wanted to reduce the power of monarchs Supported: Increased power for Parliament Constitutional law Personal freedoms: press, speech, religion Private property Free market Economy Liberals today tend to be opposite Favored by: Middle Class

Reactions to Industrialization and social inequality, Socialist groups began to emerge. Socialists often criticized the status quo and attacked private property as the root of social problems Openly attacked laissez-faire economics Working conditions in factories and living conditions among the poor led many to develop new theories on society, government, and economics.

Utopian socialists were concerned with living conditions among the poor. Called for a restructuring of society to create a more equal society

Count Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon ( ) Advocated for the creation of a social hierarchy based upon productivity, those with the most useful skills would be at the top Supported the use of science to make society better Charles Fourier ( ) Believed history unfolds in cycles, the next cycle would be one of cooperation, harmony, and equality Supported greater equality for women Envisioned a society organized into “phalanx” communities. People would be organized based upon their personalities. The communities would live and work together to reach optimum productivity and harmony

Etienne Cabet: Sought to apply the principles of Christianity to help solve social problems He and some of his followers traveled to the Americas to found utopian settlements in Texas and Iowa Robert Owen: British industrialist and philanthropist Believed education could help create a better society Supported greater equality for women

Flora Tristan: ( ) Advocated for more equality for women See page 566 for more info regarding Flora’s background and POV Louis Blanc: ( ) Called for more government involvement in the economy (better wages, greater job opportunities, etc.) Advocated for universal suffrage

Karl Marx ( ) Famous works: Communist Manifesto and Capital Called his brand of socialism “Scientific Socialism” Believed the working class (proletariat) were being exploited by the business owners (bourgeoisie) Predicted a revolution in which the proletariat would rise up and over throw the bourgeoisie His ideas are often associated with Communism

Nationalism: pride and/or devotion to ones culture and/or ones country Became popular in the 1800’s Starts during the time of Napoleon Grew after Napoleon’s defeat Nationalism became a very important aspect of European society in the 1800’s and early 1900’s Leads to unification of Germany and Italy Leads to intense pride within nations Leads to conflict within empires as the various ethnicities demand self-determination

Artistic, literary, and musical movement in the 1800’s Emphasized emotion, feeling, and imagination Moves away from the emphasis on logic that was typical during the Enlightenment Common Characteristics: Tragic figures Individualism and rebellion against middle class values Interest in the Medieval period (Gothic architecture, fairy tales, etc.) Fascination with the bizarre and unusual

Common Characteristics: Helplessness of the individual The power of nature (storms, surging seas, dark forests) Use of deep, rich colors Wanderer Above the Sea and Fog The Raft of the Medusa