Chapter 12 ppt 3 The Lymphatic System Disorders Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 ppt 3 The Lymphatic System Disorders Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Immunodeficiency Lack of properly functioning immune cells, or lack of any immunity at all Congenital (SCIDS) Acquired (AIDS) Born with it Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SCIDS (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) “Bubble boy” disease - immune system never develops after birth low # of B cells Sterile conditions necessary Bone marrow transplant as treatment Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AIDS Caused by HIV virus destroys T helper Cells and suppresses CMI Transmission = Blood to blood contact and other body fluids Risks = any exposure to blood Sex (unprotected), surgery, transfusions, sharing IV needles, pregnancy Slide 12.49

AIDS Diagnosis =blood test for HIV antibodies Can’t detect until approx. 3-6 mos. After exposure Note: ~100 asymptomatic carriers for every new case HIV+ vs HIV HIV+ means HIV Ab’s are present due to presence of HIV in body HIV- can be a false negative test if tested too early after exposure Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AIDS Host cells = T Helper Cells Latency period, can remain HIV+ for 7-10 yrs maybe even up to 20 yrs before getting AIDS, HIV will eventually kill too many TH cells leading to death. AIDS = TH cells < 200/mm3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AIDS Preventions/risks = most at risk people are IV drug users, anyone taking part in unprotected sex, homosexuals, babies with HIV+ moms, & medical personnel Effects = cause opportunistic diseases, rare cancer (due to AIDS), and eventually death Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AIDS Treatments = AZT and other med “cocktails” to slow viral replication Cure = none (gene mutation – CCR5) Controversy = HIV vaccine? Who to give it to, how weak does it need to be, will it cause HIV+ infection and eventually AIDS? Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cancer Tc (Cytotoxic T Cells) and NK (Natural Killer) cells attack cancer cells! Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autoimmune Diseases CMI and AMI attack body’s own tissues due to multiple unknown causes Require immunosuppressive drugs (ex Cyclosporine) as treatment Slide 12.50a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Examples of Autoimmune Diseases M.S. (multiple sclerosis) – myelin sheath around nerves attacked Juvenile diabetes –pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin attacked Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autoimmune Diseases R.A. (Rheumatoid Arthritis) – joints attacked SLE (Lupus) – affects kidney, heart, lung and skin attacked Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Protein-hapten combination occurs for allergic response Immune response overreacts to own cells Caused by allergens examples of allergens - insect stings, food, pollen, mold, pet dander, chemicals in soaps and lotions, etc Slide 12.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergy Mechanisms Figure 12.17 Slide 12.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergic Reactions (Hypersensitivity) Immediate hypersensitivity - (AMI) w/in seconds or minutes or hours. Delayed hypersensitivity – (CMI) w/in 1-3 days after exposure Slide 12.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergic Reactions (Hypersensitivity) Most serious immediate hypersensitivity is called Anaphylactic shock Slide 12.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Diagnosis- skin prick test Slide 12.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Treatments Slide 12.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants Donor vs. Recipient Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants Autografts Isografts Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants Allografts Xenografts Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants and Rejection Success of transplants? Autografts and isografts =100% Allografts- depends on… >75% HLA protein match between organs of donor/recipient blood type match Size and age Transplants determined by need! Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants how transplants are how to donate organs transported, but only limited amount of time to get it there Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Transplants and Rejection Rejection of transplant due to: Tc cells (CMI) attack transplanted tissue So...immunosuppressive drugs necessary Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings