Petroleum Production Fire Suppression The extraction, production, and delivery of petroleum products presents fire risk at nearly every stage of the process primarily due to the volatile nature of the hydrocarbon fuels present throughout the process. Additionally, the machinery and technology used in the petroleum value stream present their own fire hazards which need to be addressed, (pumps, generators, electrical equipment, etc.) Proper fire protection of these very specialized hazards is required to prevent potentially catastrophic loss of product, equipment, production time and human life, and to prevent environmental damage. For the purposes of this presentation, protection of hazards not directly related to the production process, (accommodation spaces, kitchens, etc) will not be addressed due to time constraints.

Petroleum Production Fire Suppression Segment Agenda: Process Description Fire Hazard Identification Fire Hazard Classification and Characteristics Applicable Codes and Standards Fire Detection Methods and Application Fire Suppression Solutions and Applications Foam Dry Chemical Watermist Carbon Dioxide Clean Agents Here’s the outline of what will be covered.

Petroleum Production Chain Exploration/Extraction Onshore Offshore Refining/Processing Finished products Storage & Transportation Tanks Pipelines Truck & Rail Each step in the petroleum production process has it’s own particular fire hazards.

Petroleum Production – Extraction Bringing Oil to the Surface Offshore Drilling Platforms Onshore Drilling Platforms Hydraulic Fracturing Fire Hazards Include Liquid Spill Fires Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires Electrical/Switching Equip Power Generation Equip Fires here can include: blowout fires, flash fires, liquid pool fires, gas pool fires, pressure fires, running liquid fires.

Petroleum Production – Processing Converting Crude to Finished Products Distillation Cracking Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Production Fire Hazards Include Liquid Spill Fires Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires Electrical/Switching Equip Power Generation Equip Vessel Exposure A breech in any piping system or equipment can result in pressure fires, liquid/gas pool fires or running liquid fires. These fires can also put adjacent processes at risk through heat exposure.

Petroleum Production – Transport & Storage Crude and Finished Product Pipelines Trucks, Rail (& Marine Vessels) Storage Tanks Fire Hazards Include Liquid Spill Fires Liquid In-Depth Fires Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires Electrical/Switching Equip Pumping Equip Vessel Exposure A leak in a pumping/filling process or breech of a transport vessel can result in pressure fires, liquid pool fires or running liquid fires. Pumping stations on pipelines and at terminals present additional hazards from pumping equipment and drivers as well as electrical controls and switchgear. Leakage from a large storage tank can result in the fires listed above as well fuel-in-depth fires. These fires can also put adjacent storage tanks at risk through heat exposure.

Petroleum Production – Hazard Properties Hydrocarbon Fuel Fires Class B Fire High Heat/Flame Release Requires Quick Knock Down Requires Securing Against Re-Flash Pool, Bulk, & Pressure Fires Appropriate Agent Types Dry Chemical Foam Watermist CO2 & Clean Agents - Inerting Because multiple types of volatile hydrocarbons are nearly always present, the chance for fuel/air mixtures within the flammability limits igniting is the primary hazard faced in the Petroleum industry. Flammability limits refer to the fact that mixtures of gaseous fuels and air will only burn if the fuel concentration lies within well defined limits.

Petroleum Production – Hazard Properties Electrical Fires Class A or C Fire Lower Heat Release Requires Non- Conductive Agent Requires Securing Power 3 Dimensional Fire Appropriate Agent Types CO2 Clean Agents Define the difference between a class A and Class C (energized) fire.

Petroleum Production – Codes & Standards IMO xxxx – Offshore USCG – Offshore Factory Mutual Data Sheet xx NFPA 2001 – Clean Agents NFPA 30 – Fixed Foam NFPA 12 – CO2 Systems NFPA 750 – Water Mist NFPA 72 - Detection Pic of standards (Need to complete this slide……….)

Petroleum Production – Detection Methods Flammable Gas Flame Heat Spot Detectors Linear Detectors Smoke Air Aspirating Video Discuss proper application for each detection method. Flammable gas detection can sense flammable gas concentrations prior to combustion. Flammable liquid fires (Class B) have high heat release and (usually) visible flame. Electrical fires (Class A & C) have lower heat release and tend to make for smoke than flame. Sensitive air-aspirating devices can detect smoke prior to it becoming visible. Fire and Fuel Type Determine Detection Method

Petroleum Production Solutions - Foam Foam Types Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) Alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams (AR-AFFF) Specific Hazards Class B Storage tank protection Hand Line Bladder Tanks Loading Racks Diked Area Protection Good Knockdown with Superior Securing Ability Low-expansion foams have an expansion rate less than 20 times. Foams with expansion ratio between 20 and 200 are medium-expansion. Low-expansion foams such as AFFF are low-viscosity, mobile, and able to quickly cover large areas. High-expansion foams have an expansion ratio over 200. They are suitable for enclosed spaces such as hangars, where quick filling is needed. Alcohol-resistant foams contain a polymer that forms a protective layer between the burning surface and the foam, preventing foam breakdown by alcohols in the burning fuel. Alcohol-resistant foams should be used in fighting fires of fuels containing polar solvents.

Petroleum Production – Foam Example Storage Tank Protection Details…… Show diagram and method of tank protection. Discuss foam type and application rates.

Petroleum Production Solutions – Dry Chem Dry Chemical Application Portables & Hose-Lines High Capacity Monitors Fixed Nozzle Systems Specific Hazards Class B Process Protection Pressure Fires Vent Stacks Loading Racks Superior Knock Down Limited Securing Ability

Petroleum Production – Dry Chem Example Loading Rack Protection Details…. (get design example here)

Petroleum Production Solutions - Watermist Watermist Systems Water particles ~100 microns Total Flooding and Local Application Primary Hazards Class B Turbines and Diesel Drivers Pump Rooms Machinery Spaces Provides Suppression by: Cooling Oxygen Depletion (inerting) Radiant Heat Blocking

Petroleum Production – Watermist Example (Need a good turbine enclosure example here or similar)

Petroleum Production – Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide System Types High & Low Pressure Total Flooding and Local Application Primary Hazards Class A, B, C Generators Turbines & Diesel Drivers Electrical Hazards Vent Stacks Provides Suppression by: Oxygen Depletion Life Safety Considerations

Petroleum Production – CO2 Example Vent Snuffer System Details…… (get vent stack design exapmle here)

Petroleum Production – Clean Agents Inert gases Halocarbon Agents Primary Hazards Class A,C (Limited B) Computer/Control Rooms MCC Rooms Process Inerting Provides Suppression by: Oxygen Depletion - Inerts Cooling - Halocarbons

Petroleum Production Clean Agent Example (Show control or switchgear room example and layout here)

Petroleum Production – Water Spray Heat control Used to Control Heat Flux Primary Hazards Protect Adjacent Storage/Processes from Exposure Application Rate Dependant on Heat Input

Petroleum Production Fire Suppression Summary