Agenda

Review How did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

Essential learning: State Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas (1800-1890)

Objectives Identify the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America?

Map 24.1: Latin America by 1830. By 1830 patriot forces had overturned the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the Western Hemisphere. Regional conflicts, local wars, and foreign interventions challenged the survival of many of these new nations following independence. Map 24-1, p. 635

Target: Independence in Latin America (1800-1830) Roots of Revolution (to 1810) Napoleon’s invasions of Portugal and Spain created crisis of legitimacy.

Spanish South America (1810-1825) Caracas – creole-led revolutionary junta declared independence (1811). Leaders – landowners. Goal – more privileges. Simon Bolivar.

Buenos Aires. 1810 – Junta led by militia commanders, merchants, and ranchers. 1816 – independence as the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. Weak succession of juntas, presidencies, and dictatorships. Jose de San Martin.

Mexico (1810-1823) Brute force of colonial authority. Unhappy Amerindian and rural poor communities. Miguel Hidalgo – priest urged crowd to combat Spanish oppression.

Padre Hidalgo. Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led the first stage of Mexico’s revolution for independence by rallying the rural masses. His defeat, trial, and execution made him one of Mexico’s most important political martyrs. p. 636

Jose Morelos – priest, created fighting force. 1813 – congress declared independence, drafted constitution. Agustin de Iturbide. Crowned emperor of Mexico, overthrown, executed in 1824.

Brazil (to 1831) King John VI returned to power in Portugal. Brazilians resented economic subordination, declared independence. Constitutional monarchy, Pedro I emperor. Elected assembly. Republic in 1889.

Essential Questions What were the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America?

Agenda

Review What were the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

Essential learning: State Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas (1800-1890)

Objectives Identify major political challenges that Western Hemisphere nations faced in the 19th century.

Essential Questions What major political challenges did Western Hemisphere nations face in the 19th century?

Target: The Problem of Order Constitutional experiments Constitutionalism – reaction to tyranny. Protection for individual rights and liberties. Brazil and Spanish America – little experience with representative institutions.

British Canada Separate colonies, territories, and gov’ts. Provincial governors, appointed advisory councils. Elected assemblies had limited power. Rebellion in 1837 - limited self-rule. Union of Canadian provinces – Confederation of 1867.

Map 24.2: Dominion of Canada, 1873. Although independence was not yet achieved and settlement remained concentrated along the U.S. border, Canada had established effective political and economic control over its western territories by 1873. Map 24-2, p. 640

Latin America Experimentation with untested political institutions. Difficulty defining role of the Catholic Church and limiting military power.

The Threat of Regionalism National gov’ts weaker than the ones they replaced. Debates over tariffs, fiscal policies, and slavery = regional elites attempted secession. No multistate federations in Spanish America.

Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars Wars determined national borders, access to natural resources, control of markets. US, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile – regional powers by end of the 1800s. Argentina – British and French naval blockades. Brazil – British stopped slave importation.

Mexico – Spanish invaded in 1829, French invaded in 1862. Threat from the US

Liberals took power, new constitution in 1857. Limited Catholic Church and military power. Civil war (1858-1861) President Benito Juarez fled after 1862 French invasion. Austrian Hapsburg Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. Juarez drove French out in 1867.

Native Peoples and the Nation-State Argentina and Chile Native peoples – limitless food, mastery of horses increased military capacity. Gov’ts used gift giving and prisoner exchanges to maintain peace. 1860s – population increase, political stability, military modernization = Argentina and Chile took offensive.

Political divisions and civil wars allowed for native rebellion.

Essential Questions What major political challenges did Western Hemisphere nations face in the 19th century?

Agenda

Review What major political challenges did Western Hemisphere nations face in the 19th century?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

Essential learning: State Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas (1800-1890)

Objectives Describe how economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights changed the nations of the Western Hemisphere.

Essential Questions How did economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights change the nations of the Western Hemisphere?

Target: The Challenge of Social and Economic Change The Abolition of Slavery Ideals of universal freedom and citizenship. Abolitionists. Slavery in most of the hemisphere until the 1850s.

Brazil 1830 agreement to end trade, British navy forced compliance in the 1850s. Abolition in 1888. 1889 rebellion ended Brazilian monarchy.

Caribbean Slaves helped to force abolition. British labor unions, Protestant ministers, and free traders pushed for abolition after 1800. Britain ended its slave trade in 1807, then negotiated with Spain, Brazil, and others to do the same.

Abolition in British colonies in 1834. “Freed” slaves forced to remain with former masters as “apprentices.” Abuses and resistance led to complete abolition in 1838. Dutch empire in 1863. Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1886.

Immigration After the slave trade ended, millions of Europeans and Asians arrived in the Western Hemisphere. Rapid economic growth and occupation of frontier regions in 19th century US, Canada, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. Avoided previous slave regions – repression and low wages.

European immigration Asian immigrants Initially most came from western Europe, but after 1870 most were southern or eastern Europeans. US, Latin America, and Canada. Asian immigrants Many from China and India

Anti-immigrant movements Nativists argued impossibility of integration. End of 1800s, many gov’ts limited or distinguished between “desirables” and undesirables.” Asians faced prejudice and discrimination.

Europeans faced prejudice and discrimination Justifications –threatened native-born workers by accepting low wages, threatened national culture by resisting assimilation.

Intellectuals and political leaders – Could cultural diversity sustain a common citizenship? Efforts to compel assimilation. Schools as cultural battlegrounds.

American Cultures Immigrants introduced new languages, living arrangements, technologies, and customs. Changed politics. Ethnically based mutual aid societies, clubs, neighborhoods. Acculturation – changing of language, customs, values, and behaviors because of contact with other cultures. Labor movements.

Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice Slow progress in Canada and Latin America. More rapid progress in lower-status careers. Working-class women transformed gender relations.

Little progress toward eliminating racial discrimination in the 1800s. Latin American – no formal racial segregation.

Development and Underdevelopment Industrial Revolution, population growth, integrated world market = economic expansion. Mining booms. New technology hastened economic integration, but increased dependence on foreign capital. Railroads, steamships, telegraphs.

Deep structural differences among Western Hemisphere economies by 1900. Development – industrialization and prosperity. Underdevelopment – colonial dependence on exporting raw materials and on low-wage industries.

Changes in the performance of international markets determined trajectory of economies. US independence and Canada’s Confederation of 1867 = global economic expansion. Latin American nations gained independence in the 1820s when the global economy contracted.

Altered Environments Population growth, economic expansion, new technologies, foreign plants and animals. Rapid urbanization Mining accelerated erosion. End of 19th century – small-scale conservation efforts.

Essential Questions How did economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights change the nations of the Western Hemisphere?